Fig. 4. Knockdown of eif5a in zebrafish embryos induces micrognathia, which can be partially rescued by spermidine.

a Measurement of iris distance was used for assessing head size (left photograph), and both Meckel’s (M) plus both palatoquadrate (Pq) cartilages for mandible assessment (right photograph). b Spermidine partially rescues micrognathia. Representative images of alcian blue-stained zebrafish larvae injected with 400 pg (1 nL) of either control or eif5a MOs. Larvae were incubated at 28 °C for 3 h in standard E3 embryo medium (SE3EM) and then transferred to either fresh SE3EM or fresh SE3EM plus 1 µM spermidine at 28 °C, and processed after 77 h post-fertilisation. c Quantification of measurements shown in panel a. Each data point corresponds to one fish, the longer horizontal line represents the median, whereas the shorter horizontal lines are the 25th and 75th percentiles. P values were determined by Kruskal Wallis test with multiple comparisons. P values for comparisons against control MO injected fish are provided when less than 0.05.