Fig. 8. Reanalysis of single-cell RNA-seq data from melanoma TILs for Gal-9 expression.

 Single-cell RNA-seq data of human melanoma TILs (GSE120575)¹⁰ were reanalyzed with BBrowser2 (BioTuring). a, b t-SNE plots showing cell type composition (a) and Gal-9 expression (b) in melanoma TILs. c Violin plot showing expression of Gal-9 in melanoma TIL cell types. n = 1455 B cells, 305 plasma cells, 1391 macrophages/monocytes, 209 dendritic cells, 5459 lymphocytes, 3878 CD8 T cells, 1740 regulatory T cells, and 1773 memory T cells. d Gal-9 expression in non-responder (n = 10,190 cells) and responder (n = 5110 cells) to anti-PD-1 therapy. For violin plots in (c, d), whiskers indicate minima and maxima, lines inside box indicate medians and means, and bounds of box indicate 25th and 75th percentiles, respectively. e Interferon-induced Gal-9 expression and secretion as a potential mechanism of tumor adaptive immune resistance. In the TME, IFNβ (produced by APCs and tumor cells) and IFNγ (produced by activated CD8 T cells) induce Gal-9 expression and secretion by APCs and cancer cells. Gal-9, in turn, induces death of T cells and dampens the antitumor immune response.