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. 2021 Feb 5;11:3227. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-82545-1

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Simplified scheme of the N-linked glycosylation pathway in the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus. The N-linked glycosylation pathway is shown in a simplified scheme. The mRNA is being attached and translated at the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum (I), and the glycan is attached by the oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) (II) and trimmed by α-glucosidase II (GC-II) (III). The protein enters the folding control (dashed box) (IV). Calreticulin and UDP-glucose glucosyltransferase (UGGT) are the main component of the system. Correctly folded proteins are further transported to the Golgi apparatus (V), and N-linked glycan structures are further processed by specific enzymes (VI). The following abbreviations are used: alpha-mannosidase (α-Man), N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (GnTI), 1,3 fucosyltransferase ((1,3)-FucT), galactosyltransferase (GalTI). In grey are two enzymes as examples of missing proteins that are involved in glycan maturation in other organisms. Components of the glycan structure are indicated with blue being dolichol, yellow is phosphate, blue spheres are glucose residues, green spheres are mannose residues, and blue squares are N-acetylglucosamines.