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. 2021 Feb 5;11:3228. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-82526-4

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Experimental setup. During the experience phase, focal rats were paired with cooperating partners that provided food rewards (R) to them, or defecting partners that did not provide food rewards to them. In one treatment (CCCD), focal rats were paired with three different cooperators on three consecutive days, and a defector on the fourth day. In another treatment (DDDC), focal rats were paired with three different defectors on three consecutive days, and a cooperator on the fourth day. During the test phase, focal rats could provide food rewards to one of the partners they had encountered on the previous four days (partner A, B, C or E in treatment CCCD, and partner F, G, H or D in treatment DDDC).