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Static performance indices. Actuator maximum stroke versus maximum force output (A) and actuator force density versus actuation speed (B) for the three photoresponsive azobenzene materials (DDAB, DMNAB, and DR1) studied here, coplotted with the same attributes for the main actuator classes. The opaque bubbles represent the range of performance indices values of a particular material, while the translucent envelopes group materials that belong to the same actuator class.
