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. 2021 Jan 25;118(5):e2020604118. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2020604118

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Copyright © 2021 the Author(s). Published by PNAS.

This open access article is distributed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND).

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Fig. 3. — Dynamic performance indices. Actuator power density versus work density (A) and actuator power density versus energy efficiency (B) for the three photoresponsive azobenzene materials (DDAB, DMNAB, and DR1) coplotted with the same attributes for the main actuator classes. The opaque bubbles represent the range of values of performance indices of a particular material, while the translucent envelopes group materials that belong to the same actuator class. The contour lines link together classes of actuators that have the same maximum operational frequency (A) or input power per unit volume (B).