Table 2. Factors Associated With Sustained Intention to Practice in an Underserved Area^a.

Characteristic	Individuals with sustained intention to practice in an undeserved area, No./total No. (%)b	P valuec	OR (95% CI)d
			Unadjusted	Adjusted
Total	4530/29 456 (15)	NA	NA	NA
Sexe
Men	1606/14 406 (11)	<.001	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]
Women	2924/15 050 (19)		1.9 (1.8-2.0)	1.9 (1.8-2.0)
Race/ethnicitye
White and/or Asian	2898/22 717 (13)	<.001	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]
Black or African American only	598/1508 (40)		4.0 (3.6-4.6)	3.3 (2.9-3.7)
Hispanic, Latino, or of Spanish origin only	439/1610 (27)		2.8 (2.4-3.2)	2.5 (2.2-2.9)
Other URMf	270/1257 (21)		1.9 (1.6-2.2)	1.7 (1.5-2.0)
Other or unknowng	325/2364 (14)		1.1 (0.9-1.2)	1.1 (0.9-1.2)
First-generation college graduatee
No	3415/24 507 (14)	<.001	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]
Yes	997/4255 (23)		1.7 (1.6-1.9)	1.5 (1.4-1.7)
Unknowng	118/694 (17)		1.6 (1.2-2.0)	1.4 (1.1-1.8)
SCAEP participation
None	3703/25 320 (15)	<.001	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]
SMDEP	160/360 (44)		4.0 (3.2-5.0)	1.9 (1.5-2.5)
Other SCAEP excluding SMDEP	667/3776 (18)		1.3 (1.1-1.4)	1.1 (1.0-1.2)

Abbreviations: NA, not applicable; OR, odds ratio; SCAEP, summer college academic enrichment program; SMDEP, Summer Medical and Dental Education Program; URM, race/ethnicity underrepresented in medicine, including those who identify as American Indian, Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian, other Pacific Islander, Black, African American, Hispanic, Latino or of Spanish origin alone or in combination with any other race/ethnicity.

^aGraduates in the “sustained intention from matriculation through graduation to work in underserved areas” group were those who responded “yes” to the item “Do you plan to work primarily in an underserved area?” on both the Association of American Medical Colleges Matriculating Student Questionnaire and the Association of American Medical Colleges Graduation Questionnaire; this group of graduates was compared with the reference group of graduates, consisting of those who responded “no” or “undecided” to this item on at least 1 of the questionnaires.

^bNumbers and percentages shown are for rows.

^cEvaluated by χ² tests of association.

^dOdds ratios and 95% CIs were estimated with multilevel logistic regression; US Liaison Committee for Medical Education-accredited medical schools (n = 142) were the random effect (intercept only).

^eSex, race/ethnicity, and first-generation college graduate status information was provided by the students when applying to medical school through the Association of American Medical Colleges’ American Medical College Application System.

^fGraduates in the other URM category include those who identified as American Indian or Alaska Native only (n = 50) and as Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander only (n = 24) as well as those who identified as Black or African American; Hispanic, Latino, or of Spanish origin; American Indian or Alaska Native; or Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander in combination with any other race/ethnicity.

^gUnknown refers to missing data.