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Induction of cell senescence. Cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous stimuli contribute to induce senescence through DNA damage response, DDR, epigenetic modifications (presence of senescence associated heterochromatin foci, SAHF) and ATM kinase activation. Senescent phenotype is characterized by flattened cell morphology, SA-β gal expression, cell cycle inhibition, epigenetic modifications, and by a peculiar secretome, the Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype (SASP).
