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. 2021 Feb 6;9(3):e14497. doi: 10.14814/phy2.14497

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© 2021 The Authors. Physiological Reports published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of The Physiological Society and the American Physiological Society.

This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Effects of an exercise mimetic on skeletal muscle cell beta‐hydroxybutyrate (BHB) concentration and of muscle cell‐conditioned medium on glial cells. (a) Effect of forskolin on muscle cell BHB concentration. (b) Effect of forskolin treatment of muscle cells on the BHB concentration in the medium. (c) Effect of the addition of malonate during forskolin treatment. (d and e) Effects of conditioned medium on glial cell viability and BDNF expression. Statistical analysis was performed using two‐tailed Student's t tests. *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001 versus Control, ^# p < .05, ^## p < .01 versus forskolin‐treated