TABLE 1.
Patient demographics and clinical characteristics per (sub)phenotype
| Cluster subphenotypes | LCA subphenotypes | Etiology phenotype | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Uninflamed | Reactive | p‐value | Hypo‐inflammatory | Hyper‐inflammatory | p‐value | Indirect | Direct | p‐value | |
| n = 11 | n = 15 | n = 10 | n = 16 | n = 9 | n = 17 | ||||
| Age in years (mean (±SD)) | 58 (13) | 62 (13) | 0.50 | 61 (14) | 60 (12) | 0.92 | 59 (12) | 61 (13.6) | 0.65 |
| Female (n (%)) | 5 (45.5) | 8 (53.3) | 1.00 | 3 (30.0) | 10 (62.5) | 0.23 | 6 (66.7) | 7 (41.2) | 0.41 |
| APACHE IV (mean (±SD)) | 82 (24.3) | 97 (29.8) | 0.18 | 80 (22.2) | 98 (30.1) | 0.13 | 93 (33.6) | 89.5 (25.9) | 0.75 |
| SOFA score at day 1 (mean (±SD)) | 7 (2.8) | 11 (2.9) | 0.007 | 7.4 (3.1) | 10.4 (2.8) | 0.02 | 10.6 (3.1) | 8.6 (3.2) | 0.15 |
| ARDS risk factor (n (%)) | |||||||||
| Pneumonia | 8 (72.7) | 8 (53.3) | 0.43 | 8 (80.0) | 8 (50.0) | 0.22 | 0 (0.0) | 16 (94.1) | <0.001 |
| Aspiration | 1 (9.1) | 1 (6.7) | 1.00 | 1 (10.0) | 1 (6.2) | 1.00 | 0 (0.0) | 2 (11.8) | 0.53 |
| Sepsis | 8 (72.7) | 14 (93.3) | 0.28 | 7 (70.0) | 15 (93.8) | 0.26 | 7 (77.8) | 15 (88.2) | 0.59 |
| Trauma | 2 (18.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0.17 | 2 (20.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.14 | 1 (11.1) | 1 (5.9) | 1.00 |
| Pancreatitis | 0 (0.0) | 1 (6.7) | 1.00 | 0 (0.0) | 1 (6.2) | 1.00 | 1 (11.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0.35 |
| Other | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |||
| ARDS severity a (n (%)) | |||||||||
| Mild | 6 (54.5) | 2 (13.3) | 0.06 | 6 (60.0) | 2 (12.5) | 0.03 | 3 (33.3) | 5 (29.4) | 0.56 |
| Moderate | 4 (36.4) | 12 (80.0) | 4 (40.0) | 12 (75.0) | 6 (66.7) | 10 (58.8) | |||
| Severe | 1 (9.1) | 1 (6.7) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (12.5) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (11.8) | |||
| Ventilator‐free days (median (IQR)) | 24.0 (3.5, 25.5) | 19.0 (7.5, 21.5) | 0.19 | 24.5 (1.8, 25.8) | 19.5 (11.3, 22.3) | 0.29 | 21.0 (17,0, 24.0) | 19.0 (0.0, 25.0) | 0.70 |
| ICU length of stay (median (IQR)) | 6.0 (3.5, 11.0) | 8.0 (6.5, 12.0) | 0.48 | 6.5 (4.5, 8.8) | 8.5 (5.3, 14.0) | 0.46 | 9.0 (6.0, 14.0) | 7.0 (4.0, 10.0) | 0.48 |
| 30‐day survival (n (%)) | 8 (72.7) | 9 (60.0) | 0.68 | 7 (70.0) | 10 (62.5) | 1.00 | 6 (66.7) | 11 (64.7) | 1.00 |
Abbreviations: APACHE IV, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation score IV; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; SOFA, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment Score on day 1.
a
Based on the Berlin criteria.