Figure 2.

Overview of metabolic reprograming by TGF-β: TGF-β signaling sustains immune evasion by orchestrating the metabolic reprogramming within the TME. Tumor cells, fibroblasts, EC and neutrophils display high rates of the glycolytic metabolism, releasing lactate, pyruvate and producing high amount of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). MDSCs, macrophages (TAM), NK cells and Treg cells preferentially activate the OXPHOS to get energy, enhance FA oxidation and amino acid metabolism as a source of intermediates for the Krebs cycle, fostering the generation of a tolerogenic environment that contributes to inefficient anti-tumoral immune activation.