Table 2.
Echocardiograms, physical characteristics, biochemical values, and histopathology of empagliflozin-treated diabetes mellitus (DM) rats (DM + EMPA), liraglutide-treated DM rats (DM + LIRA), and diabetes treated with empagliflozin and liraglutide rats (DM + EMPA + LIRA).
| DM + EMPA | DM + LIRA | DM + EMPA + LIRA | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Echocardiograms | |||
| LVEDd (mm) | 6.9 ± 0.5 | 7.1 ± 0.3 | 6.7 ± 0.0 |
| LVESd (mm) | 3.4 ± 0.5 | 3.7 ± 0.1 | 3.2 ± 0.2 |
| EDV (mL) | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.1 |
| ESV (mL) | 0.09 ± 0.0 | 0.14 ± 0.0 § | 0.07 ± 0.0 ¶ |
| IVSd (mm) | 1.9 ± 0.2 | 1.7 ± 0.1 | 1.9 ± 0.0 |
| LVPW (mm) | 2.2 ± 0.1 | 1.8 ± 0.1 § | 2.2 ± 0.1 ¶ |
| EF (%) | 85.4 ± 3.9 | 81.2 ± 2.2 | 89.3 ± 1.9 |
| FS (%) | 48.8 ± 4.4 | 45.1 ± 2.4 | 57.4 ± 2.1 ¶ |
| Physical characteristics | |||
| HR (bpm) | 407.6 ± 22.6 | 413.4 ± 5.8 | 424 ± 8.6 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 119.8 ± 7.8 | 115.8 ± 6.8 | 118.8 ± 4.5 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 71.0 ± 6.4 | 61.4 ± 9.2 | 68.8 ± 3.2 |
| BW 2 weeks after STZ injection (g) | 355.4 ± 9.6 | 358.4 ± 4.9 | 356.8 ± 3.2 |
| BW after treatment (g) | 416.8 ± 17.1 | 327.8 ± 8.4 § | 399 ± 12.6¶ |
| HW (g) | 1.6 ± 0.0 | 1.5 ± 0.1 | 1.6 ± 0.1 |
| HW/BW (mg/g) | 3.9 ± 0.3 | 4.4 ± 0.2 | 3.6 ± 0.2 |
| Biochemical values | |||
| FBS 2 weeks after STZ injection (mg/dL) | 396.0 ± 12.4 | 396.6 ± 5.7 | 397.2 ± 12.8 |
| FBS after treatment (mg/dL) | 142.4 ± 21.5 | 331.6 ± 22.4 § | 109.6 ± 14.5 ¶ |
| TG (mg/dL) | 60.2 ± 16.8 | 86.8 ± 15.6 | 47.0 ± 4.8 |
| TC (mg/dL) | 51.8 ± 3.4 | 55.0 ± 3.4 | 55.5 ± 4.6 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 23.2 ± 1.3 | 26.0 ± 1.0 | 23.6 ± 1.0 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 3.8 ± 0.4 | 3.0 ± 0.3 | 3.8 ± 0.2 |
| FFAs (µg/dL) | 0.6 ± 0.0 | 0.7 ± 0.0 | 0.6 ± 0.0 |
| ST2 (pg/mL) | 290.2 ± 17.8 | 296.2 ± 38.2 | 281.0 ± 21.2 |
| Histopathology | |||
| Fibrosis area (%) | 5.3 ± 0.1 | 4.5 ± 0.1 § | 4.3 ± 0.1 § |
LVEDd, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; LVESd, left ventricular end-systolic diameter; EDV, end-diastolic volume; ESV, end-systolic volume; IVSd, interventricular septum end diastole; LVPW, left ventricular posterior wall; EF, ejection fraction; FS, fractional shortening; HR, heart rate; bpm, beats per minute; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; BW, body weight; HW, heart weight; STZ, streptozotocin; FBS, fasting blood glucose; TG, triglyceride; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; FFAs, free fatty acids; ST2, suppression of tumorgenicity-2. Number of rats N = 5 per group. Values are expressed as the mean ± SEM. § p < 0.05 vs. DM + EMPA; ¶ p < 0.05 vs. DM + LIRA.