Table 2.

Typical findings using established diagnostic tools in TTS.

Diagnostic Tool	Finding
ECG	ST-segment elevation (particularly in -aVR), ST depression, LBBB, T-wave inversion, QTc prolongation
Biomarkers	Elevated troponin T with higher NT-proBNP/troponin T ratio than in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI)
Angiography and ventriculography	Absence of culprit atherosclerotic coronary artery disease including acute plaque rupture, thrombus formation, and coronary dissection, as well as characteristic regional LV wall motion abnormality (RWMA). Apical nipple sign.
Echocardiography	RWMAs
CMR (cardiac magnetic resonance)	RWMAs, RV involvement, late gadolinium-enhancement signal intensity threshold < 5 SD, and edema using T2 weighted imaging in dysfunctional LV regions.