LPS inhibits osteoblastic cell differentiation in vitro. (A,B) LPS inhibits both ALP (alkaline phosphatase) staining and ALP concentrations during osteoblast differentiation. (C,D) LPS inhibits calcium deposits during osteoblast differentiation. (E) LPS decreased OPN production during osteoblast differentiation. Data are presented as the mean ± standard error of the mean. Analyses were conducted with two-way analysis of variance followed by Bonferroni’s post-hoc test. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. Abbreviations: OS, osteogenic factor; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; OPN, osteopontin.