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. 2021 Jan 25;22(3):1169. doi: 10.3390/ijms22031169

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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LPS enhances osteoclastic cell differentiation in vitro. (A–C) LPS not only increases cathepsin K expression but also increases the number of cathepsin K-positive cells during osteoclast differentiation. (D,E) LPS increases both the expression intensity of TRAP and the percentage of TRAP-positive cells during osteoclast differentiation. Data are presented as the mean ± standard error of the mean. Analyses were conducted with two-way analysis of variance followed by Bonferroni’s post-hoc test. ** p < 0.01. Abbreviations: TRAP, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase; LPS, lipopolysaccharides; OC, osteoclasts; C, vehicle control.