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. 2021 Jan 25;22(3):1169. doi: 10.3390/ijms22031169

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Ibudilast not only reverses the LPS-induced decrease in ALP production but also prevents the LPS-induced increase in osteoclast activation. (A–C) Ibudilast reversed the LPS-induced inhibition of alkaline phosphatase and bone calcium parameters in vitro. (D,E) Ibudilast prevented the LPS-induced increase in TRAP-positive osteoclast percentage in vitro. Data are presented as the mean ± standard error of the mean. Analyses were conducted with two-way analysis of variance followed by Bonferroni’s post-hoc test. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. Abbreviations: OS, osteogenic factor; ALP, alkaline phosphatase.