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Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Stiffness calculation diagrams of testing machines: (a) stiffness schematic of components; and the stiffness calculation models of (b) the thermal tensile testing machine (TTTM); and (c) the original UTM.