Figure 1.

The scheme of endocytosis of the nanoparticle modified by antibodies that recognize cancer markers at the cell membrane. (1) Receptor (aptamer or antibody) on the drug-loaded nanoparticles recognize the clathrin-coated pits in the tumor cell and bind to it. (2) Phagocytosis of drug-loaded nanoparticles facilitates the transport of the carrier into the tumor cells. (3) An endocytic vesicle is formed. (4) Endosome induces the release of drug from the nanoparticles and penetrates into the nucleus. Reproduced from [21] with the permission of Elsevier.