Figure 2.

Clinical manifestation and pathology of AMD from the early to late stage. Medium-sized drusen found in early AMD. Intermediate AMD shows the presence of large drusen. Late AMD is classified into GA and neovascular AMD. GA is defined by the deterioration of the RPE, photoreceptor layer, and choroidal capillaries in the macula. The invasion of abnormal fragile choroidal blood vessels growing from the choroid into the retina in neovascular AMD, with blood and fluid leakage. Abbreviations: AMD: age-related macular degeneration; GA: geographic atrophy.