Table 1.
Recent research on in-home health monitoring. NA: not available. RH: real home. SHL: smart home laboratory.
| Ref. | Year | Sensors & Locations | Data | Functions | Sensor Network | Subject Info | Experiment Setting |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [24] | 2010 | Contact sensor [doors, windows, cabinets, sinks, toilets, and electric/electronic appliances (e.g., ovens & fridge) | Presence (use of objects) | Fx: ADL recognition & monitoring | Yes, wireless, not specified | 2, 30-year and 80-year | RH, 14 days |
| [25] | 2010 | {Thermometer, humidity sensor} [above cooking area], flow-meter [water flowing], contact sensor [shelves, fridge, drawers], motion sensor [kitchen], camera [kitchen ceiling] | Actions and events during cooking, increased/decreased temperature/humidity, position | Fx: ADL and nutritional habits | NA | 1, unkown info | SHL, duration NA |
| [26] | 2011 | Infrared camera [wall in living room], scale [floor], pressure sensor [floor, living room] | Body temperature, body weight, presence | Phy: vital sign monitoring for heart disease patients | Yes, not specified | 28, 13 with heart disease, and 15 healthy | SHL, < 1 hour |
| [27] | 2011 | Motion sensors [room areas, sofa, kitchen area, toilet, bed], contact sensor [(exit/entry) doors, fridge] | Presence, walking speed, out of home (absence) | Fx: Assessment of aging | Yes, wireless, X10 | 265, elderly persons | RH, average 33 months |
| [28] | 2011 | Electrical current sensor [microwave oven, kettle, TV, toaster, bed lamp], pressure sensor[bed] | Time spent on act. (duration of using appliances) | Fx: ADL monitoring for elderly | Yes, Xbee based on Zigbee | 1, healthy volunteer | RH, 24 hours |
| [29] | 2011 | Motion sensor [room areas], contact sensor [front&back doors] | Presence | Em: Abnormal behavior | Yes, not specified | 1, info NA | RH, 1.5 years |
| [30] | 2012 | Motion sensor [room areas] | Presence, time on act. | Fx: Anomaly detection of behavioral patterns | Yes, wired, X10 | 1, healthy volunteer | SHL, 2 months |
| [31] | 2012 | Electrical current sensor [toaster, oven, kettle, TV, lamp], pressure sensor [bed, chair, toilet], contact sensor [fridge, cabinet], water flow sensor [bath] | Presence, time on act. (duration of using appliances) | Fx: Wellness assessment | Yes, ZigBee | 4, elderly | RH, 6 days |
| [32] | 2012 | Electrical current sensor [toaster, oven, kettle, TV, lamp], pressure sensor [bed, chair, toilet], contact sensor [fridge, cabinet], water flow sensor [bath] | Presence, time on act. (duration of using appliances) | Fx: Sleeping activity monitoring, forecasting sleeping tendency | Yes, ZigBee | 1, elderly | RH, 8 weeks |
| [33] | 2012 | Electrical current sensor [toaster, oven, kettle, TV, lamp], pressure sensor [bed, chair, toilet], contact sensor [fridge, cabinet], water flow sensor [bath] | Presence, time on act. (duration of using appliances) | Fx: assessing performance of basic behaviors | Yes, ZigBee | 4, elderly | RH, 6 days |
| [34] | 2012 | Video camera [bed room] | Video of ADL | Em: Fall detection | No | NA, healthy volunteers | RH, duration NA |
| [35] | 2012 | Video camera [living room] | Video of ADL | Em: Fall detection | No | 15, healthy volunteers | RH, duration NA |
| [36] | 2012 | Motion sensor [room areas], bed sensor [bed], thermometer [stove] | Activity level in apt. and in bed (bed restlessness), heart rate (low pulse), respiration rate (low breathing) | Phy: Early illness recognition for older adults | Yes, X10 | 6, elderly | RH, 1 month -– 2 years |
| [37] | 2013 | Thermometer [stove], Doppler radar sensors [NA], depth camera (MS Kinect) [NA], motion sensor [room areas], bed sensor (pneumatic strip) [bed] | Activity level in apt. and in bed (bed restlessness), heat rate (low/high pulse), respiration rate, time on act. (stove usage), gait (velocity and step time) | Fx, Phy: Detect changes in health status | Yes, X10 | 49, 24 discharged, 25 remained | RH, 1 year |
| [38] | 2013 | Smart lamp (motion sensor, thermometer, humidity sensor, gas sensor) [room areas], + wearable (smart watch) | Presence, gas leak, temperature, humidity | Safety/SaSe: for down syndrome | Yes, ISM 868MHz | NA | SHL, 2 days |
| [39] | 2013 | Electrical current sensor [room heater, kettle, toaster, microwave, TV, and dishwasher], pressure sensor [bed, couch, chair, toilet], contact sensor [fridge, cabinet] | Presence, time on act. (duration of using appliances) | Fx: Predicting the quantitative well-being of an elderly | Yes, ZigBee | 1, elderly person | RH, 8 weeks |
| [40] | 2013 | Motion sensor [room areas], contact sensor [cupboard], light sensor [storage, door], thermometer [stove, bathroom], electrical current sensor [kettle, toaster, wash machine], water flow sensor [sink in kitchen & bathroom], humidity [bathroom] | Presence, appliance use, temperature, humidity, brightness | Fx: ADL monitoring | Yes, wireless, proprietary protocol | 1, elderly | RH, duration NA |
| [41] | 2013 | Pressure sensor [bed, toilet, couch, chair], electrical current sensor [TV, heater, kettle, toaster, microwave], contact sensor [cupboard] | Presence, time spent on act. (appliances) | Fx: ADL monitoring | yes, wireless, Xbee (Zigbee-based) | 4, elderly | RH, 10 weeks |
| [42] | 2014 | (Low-resolution) cameras [room areas] | (low resolution) images, similarity heatmaps | Fx: ADL monitoring | Yes, wired, not specified | 1, 80-year, with hearing impairment and walking abnormalities | RH, 14 days |
| [43] | 2014 | Bed sensor [bed], pressure sensor [chair cushion], contact sensor [door], + wearable sensor | Presence (bed, chair, entry/exit) | SaSe & Fx: ADL monitoring of patients with AD | Yes, wireless, ZigBee | 14, patients with AD | RH, duration NA |
| [44] | 2014 | Pressure sensor [carpet in bedroom], contact sensor [door], bed sensor (air pressure sensor) [bed], motion sensor [NA], + wearable (RFID tags) | Presence, out of home, fall | Fx: ADL and emergency monitoring | Yes, Xbee | 6, healthy volunteers | SHL, a few mins |
| [45] | 2014 | {Contact sensor, accelerometer} [cabinet (pill box)], phone sensor [phone], contact sensor [coffee maker] | Presence (medication taking, coffee making), phone usage | Fx: ADL monitoring | Yes, wireless, not specified | Study-1: 2 older women; study-2: 12 older adults, living alone. | RH, 10 months |
| [46] | 2015 | Motion sensor [room areas], contact sensor [doors], bed sensor [bed], + wearable sensors | Activity level (# sensor firings, # of transition between rooms, in-bed movements), time on act. (time spent per location) | Fx: ADL monitoring | Yes, not specified | 7, info NA | SHL, 4 days |
| [47] | 2015 | Video camera [kitchen], electric current sensor [TV, iron, vacuum, cooking devices, boiler, radio], contact sensor [TV, iron, vacuum, fridge door, drug cabinet, drug box], motion sensor [kitchen, bathroom], bed sensor [bed], + wearable (Jawbone) | Images, sleep interruption, out of home, presence | Fx: ADL monitoring | Yes, wireless | 1, 76 years old, female | RH, 3 months |
| [48] | 2016 | Motion sensor [room areas], gas sensor (CO, air quality, smoke) [room areas], humidity sensor [room areas], thermometer [room areas], sound sensor [room areas] | Presence, humidity, temperature, gas concentration (CO level), sound level. | SaSe: detect or prevent domestic emergency/abnormal situations | Yes, Ethernet, WiFi, GPRS | 7, healthy volunteers | RH, 15 days |
| [49] | 2016 | Motion sensors [room areas], + wearable sensors | Presence | Fx: ADL tracking | Yes, Bluetooth | 20, healthy volunteer, 20–79 years | RH, duration NA |
| [50] | 2016 | Motion sensor [room areas], contact sensor [doors], phone sensor [phone], computer (monitoring software) | Out of home, walking speed, phone usage, time on act. (computer) | Soci: assessing/predicting loneliness | Yes, WiFi, USB cable | 16, older adults (>62), living alone | RH, 8 months |
| [51] | 2016 | Motion sensor [room areas], contact sensor [fridge, cabinet], pressure sensor [bed, chair], water flow sensor [valve], electric current sensor [TV, radio] | Presence | Fx: Profile nighttime routines, detecting wandering | Yes, Z-wave, WiFi | 1, healthy volunteer | RH, 3 months |