Table 2.

Analytical performance of selected electrochemical aptasensors for MUC1 detection.

Strategy	Technique	LOD, M	Interference Studies	Ref.
POPhDA–AuNPs hybrid film/AuNPs silica/MWCNT C-Sh/Au	DPV	1 × 10−12	CEA, CA19-9, CA72-4, BSA	[141]
ALP-strp/Apt2/Biotin/Apt1/Strp-MBs/SPA		7 × 10−11	MUC4, MUC16	[146]
Apt-AuNPs/MCH/cDNA/Au	EIS	10−10	TNF-α, CEA	[142]
Exo I/MUC1/Apt-MB/CP/MCH/Au	SWV	4 × 10−12	Myo, BSA, CEA	[147]
Apt/EDC/MWCNT/SPCE	EIS	0.02 U mL−1	BSA, FBS, Lyz	[90]
Th/rGO-N′1,N′3 DHMIA/Apt/MUC1/Apt/Pdots/IL/Au	DPV	6 × 10−11	MUC4, Lys, Myo	[148]
SH-Apt-MB/Au	SWV	4 × 10−9	AA, UA, VEGF, BSA, PSA	[145]
MB-Apt/AuNPs/GCE	DPV, EIS	24 × 10−9	Lyz, BSA, Cyt C	[149]
Apt/ZrHCF NPs/ZrHCF/mFe3O4/mC/Au	EIS	7.4 × 10−15 (0.9 pg mL−1)	CEA, IgG, BSA	[150]
AuNPs and GO doped PEDOT films APT/Strp/AuNPs-GO-PEDOT	DPV	3.1 × 10−17	MPT64, AChE, BSA	[144]
Exo I/Apt-MUC1/cDNA-MB/Naf/ITO		3.3 × 10−15 M (0.4 pg mL−1)	CEA, GP73, HSA, ALP, AFP	[151]
Metal ion electrochemical labels/Ru(NH3)63+ electronic wires		3.33 × 10−15	FBS, HCG, MUC16, CA19-9	[152]
AuNPs-DNA enzyme/H-2/MCH/c-DNA/Au	Amp	3.3 × 10−16 (0.04 pg mL−1)	PSA, Thr, CEA, BSA	[153]
MXene probe/c-DNA-Fc/Apt + BSA/AuNPs/GCE	SWV	3.3 × 10−13	Not shown	[143]

Abbreviations: POPhDA—poly(o-phenylenediamine); AuNPs—gold nanoparticles; MWCNs—multi-walled carbon nanotubes; C-Sh—core-shell; Au—gold electrode; ALP—alkaline phosphatase; Strp—streptavidin; Apt; Apt1; Apt2—aptamers; MBs—magnetic beads; SPA—screen-printed arrays; MCH—6-mercaptohexan-1-ol; cDNA—capture DNA; Exo I—Exonuclease I; MB—methylene blue; MUC1; MUC4; MUC16—transmembrane mucins; SWV—Square Wave Voltammetry; EIS—electrochemical impedance spectroscopy; GCE—glassy carbon electrode; DPV—Differential Pulse Voltammetry; Amp—amperometry; CEA—carcinoembryonic antigen; CA19-9—carbohydrate antigen 19-9; CA72-4—cancer antigen 72-4; BSA—bovine serum albumin; TNF-α—tumour necrosis factor α; Myo—myoglobin; Lyz—lysozyme; FBS—fetal bovine serum; Lys—lysine; AA—ascorbic acid; UA—uric acid; VEGF—vascular endothelial growth factor; PSA—prostate specific antigen; Cyt C—cytochrome C; IgG—Immunoglobulin G; MPT64—Mycobacterium tuberculosis; AChE—acetylcholinesterase; GP73—golgi protein 73; HSA—human serum albumin; AFP—alpha-fetoprotein; HCG—human chorionic gonadotrophin; Thr—thrombin; EDC—1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide; SPCE—screen-printed carbon electrode; IL—interleukin; Pdots—polymer dots; rGO—reduced graphene oxide; DHMIA—N^′1,N^′3 dihydroxymalonimidamide; Th-thionine; ZrHCF NPs—zirconium hexacyanoferrate nanoparticles; mFe₃O₄—mesoporous mFe₃O₄; GO—graphene oxide; PEDOT—poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene); Naf—Nafion; ITO—indium tin oxide electrode; H-2—hairpin 2; Fc—ferrocene; MXene—two-dimensional inorganic compounds.