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. 2021 Jan 22;21(3):736. doi: 10.3390/s21030736

Table 3.

Analytical performance of selected electrochemical aptasensors for VEGF165.

Strategy Technique LOD, M Interference
Studies		 Ref.
Sandwich Apt/MBs-Ab/VEGF/Apt/AuIDE EIS (capacitance) 10.5 × 10−12
(401 pg mL−1)		 BSA [179]
NP/Strp-ALP/B-Apt/VEGF/MCH/SH-Apt/AuNPs/SPGE DPV 3 × 10−8 HER2 [180]
MB/Apt/GA/BSA-AuNCs/IL/GCE
Apt/GA/BSA-AuNCs/IL/GCE		 DPV
EIS (Ferri/ferrocyanide)		 signal-off:
0.32 × 10−12
signal-on:
0.48 × 10−12 		Not shown [169]
SH-Apt/OMC–Aunano/SPCE EIS (Ferri/ferrocyanide) 26.2 × 10−15
(1 pg mL−1)		 HIgG, HIgA, Lip, Lyz, HSA [181]
Fc-Apt-alkyne/UDT + UDT-N3/Au ACV 6.2 × 10−9 VEGF121, BSA, HSA, trypsin [182]
DNA-Ag/Pt NCs/amino-Apt/GCE
Peroxidase mimicking activity		 Amp 4.6 × 10−12 Thr, HSA, HIgG [183]
MCH/SH-Apt-MB/Au SWV 3.93 × 10−12
(0.15 ng mL−1)		 AA, UA [184]
Apt/Aunano/rGO-PAMAM-Th/SPCE DPV 0.7 × 10−12 U, AA, D, Glu, HIgG, HIgA [185]
BPEI-Fc-CB[7]-N3-GO/S1/MCH/S2/SH-Apt/Au SWV 0.21 × 10−15
(8 fg mL−1)		 BSA, HSA, VEGFR1, VEGFR2, VEGF121 [171]
MB/NH2-Apt/GA/AP/IL/GCE
NH2-Apt/GA/AP/IL/GCE		 DPV
EIS (Ferri/ferrocyanide)		 signal-off:
0.5 × 10−12
signal-on:
0.78 × 10−12 		Not shown [172]
Hairpin DNA/AuNPs/GQD/Thi/MCH/SH-hairpin DNA/Au SWV 0.3 × 10−15 PSA, BSA, Thr [173]
Peptide Apt-based functionalised microneedles EIS (capacitance) 0.1 × 10−12 HIgG, Con A, cholera toxin [23]
SH-Apt/AuNAs@NC/Au EIS (Ferri/ferrocyanide) 0.18 × 10−12
(6.77 pg mL−1)		 Lyz, HIgG, CEA, PSA [174]
SH-Apt/LPLE EIS 0.017 × 10−15
(0.64 fg mL−1)		 Thr, PDGF-BB; VEGF121, HIgG [178]
Sandwich Apt-GDH/VEGF/Biotin-Ab/
strp/DTBSU/AuWE		 Amp 105 × 10−12 BSA [177]
biotin-Apt-Fc/MB-strp/GO-GCE
biotin-Apt-Fc/MB-strp/GO-PhA-GCE		 SWV 2.62 × 10−15
(1 pg mL−1)
0.18 × 10−12
(7 pg mL−1)		 IL-6, CA-125, PSA, HIgG [175]
SH-Apt-Fc + SH-PEG/AuNPs-MB/rGO-GCE SWV 2.62 × 10−15
(0.1 pg mL−1)		 HIgG, IL-1β, PSA, IL-6 [176]

Abbreviations: AuIDE—interdigitated electrodes; Apt-aptamer; MBs—magnetic beads; Ab—antibody; VEGF—vascular endothelial growth factor; SWV—Square Wave Voltammetry; EIS—electrochemical impedance spectroscopy; DPV—Differential Pulse; Amp—amperometry; NP—1-naphthyl-phosphate; Strp-ALP—streptavidin-alkaline phosphatase conjugate; B-Apt—Biotinylated Apt; AuNPs/SPGE—Gold nanostructured graphite screen printed electrodes; GA—glutaraldehyde; BSA-AuNCs—BSA-gold nanoclusters; IL—ionic liquid; GCE—glassy carbon electrode; Au/GQD—Gold/graphene quantum dot hybrid; OMC–Aunano mesoporous carbon–gold nanocomposite; HER2—human epidermal growth factor receptor 2; HIgG—human immunoglobulin G; HIgA—human immunoglobulin A; Lip—lipase; Lyz—lysozyme; HSA—human serum albumin; UDT-N3—11-Azido-1-undencanethiol; ACV—alternating current voltammetry; DNA-Ag/Pt NCs—DNA bimetallic Ag/Pt nanoclusters; Thr—human thrombin; SPCE—screen-printed carbon electrode; rGO-PAMAM/Aunano–reduced graphene oxide/gold functionalised with poly(amidoamine) dendrimers; U—urea; AA—ascorbic acid; D—dopamine; Glu—glucose; BPEI–branched ethylene imine polymer; Fc—aminomethylferrocene; CB[7]-cucurbit[7]urils macrocycle; N3-GO–azide-functionalised graphene oxide; S1—alkyne-functionalised DNA strand; MCH—6-mercaptohexan-1-ol; S2–hairpin DNA strand; AP–Au-Pd alloy; IL–ionic liquid; Con A—concanavalin A; AuNAs@NC–Au nanoarchitecture embedded with nanochitosan; CEA—carcinoembryonic antigen; LPLE—label-free line-pad-line; PDGF-BB—platelet-derived growth factor-BB; GDH—glucose dehydrogenase; Amp—amperometry; Biotin-Ab—biotinylated antibody; DTBSU—dithiobis(succinimidy undecanoate); AuWE—gold wire electrode; GO/MB—methylene blue loaded graphene oxide; PhA—physical adsorption; SH-PEG—thiol-modified polyethylene glycol; IL-6—interleukin-6; PSA—prostate specific antigen; IL-1β—interleukin-1β.