Table 5.

The analytical performance of selected electrochemical aptasensors for AFP.

Strategy	Technique	LOD, g mL−1	Interference Studies	Ref.
Apt/ZiP/Au	DPV	3.1 × 10−15	HSA, γ-globulin, Hb, ssDNA	[243]
Hairpin DNA-MB/Au		8.76 × 10−12	GP73, CEA	[240]
Apt/Thi/rGO/AuNPs/SPCE		5 × 10−8	BSA, HSA, IgG, IgE	[232]
Apt/GO/GCE	CV	3 × 10−12	PSA, CEA	[233]
Apt-PB NPs/GO/Au	DPV	6.3 × 10−12	NSE, CEA, MUC16, hCG, PSA	[234]
Apt/sAuNPs/Au		0.23 × 10−12	IgG, CEA, BSA, HSA	[235]
Apt-3D NMCNMs/Au		60.8 × 10−15	BSA, PSA, CEA, IgG, EGFR, MUC1, VEGF	[236]
Apt/Gs-Pyr BA-KCl HG/Au	EIS	0.51 × 10−12	Lyz, IgG, HSA, BSA, CEA	[237]
Apt/Cu MIL-96 OH/Au		0.12 × 10−12	CEA, IgG, Lyz, BSA, HSA	[238]
HCR—two DNA hairpins-MB/DNA probe/AFP/Apt/Au	DPV	0.041 × 10−12	BSA, IgG, IgE	[242]
MB-DNA-AuNPs/AFP/Fc-capture probe/MCH/DNA1/Au	ACV	0.27 × 10−15	Thr, CEA, IgG, PSA	[241]

Abbreviations: Au—gold electrode; Apt—aptamer; ZiP—zwitterionic peptide; DPV—differential pulse voltammetry; Hb–haemoglobin, ssDNA—single stranded DNA; CV—cyclic voltammetry; MB—methylene blue; AFP—alphafetoprotein; Thi—thionine; NSE—neuron-specific enolase; 3D NMCNMs—three-dimensional nitrogen-doped mesoporous carbon nanomaterials; GP73—golgi protein 73; CEA—carcinoembryonic antigen; BSA—bovin serum albumin; HSA—human serum albumin; IgE—immunoglobulin E; IgG—immunoglobulin G; GO—graphene oxide; rGO—reduced graphene oxide; AuNPs—gold nanoparticles; hCG—human chorionic gonadotropin; PSA—prostate specific antigen; EGFR—epidermal growth factor receptor; MUC1, MUC16—transmembrane mucins; VEGF—vascular endothelial growth factor; NPs—prussian blue nanoparticles; sAuNS—spindle-shaped gold nanostructure; Lyz—lysozyme; SPCE—screen printed carbon electrode; HCR—hybridisation chain reaction; GCE—glassy carbon electrode; EIS—electrochemical impedance spectroscopy; Fc—ferrocene; MCH—6-mercaptohexan-1-ol; ACV—alternating current voltammetry; Thr—thrombin; Gs-Pyr BA-KCl HG—guanosine-pyridine-4-boronic acid-KCl hydrogel; Cu MIL-96 OH—Cu ion guided MIL-96 octadecahedron.