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. 2021 Jan 25;22(3):1170. doi: 10.3390/ijms22031170

Table 4.

Nutritional and dietary factors in AMD.

Study Authors Diet Rich vs. Poor in Nutrient Dose Required for Reduction Odds Ratio Reduction in AMD
Aoki et al., (2016) [72] Zinc ≥10.2 (mg/d) 0.10 1 nvAMD = 60–90% [2]
Vitamin D ≥27.5 (μgram/d) 0.40 1
α-tocopherol ≥10.6 (mg/d) 0.20 1
Vitamin C ≥184.9 (mg/d) 0.40 1
Omega−3 fatty acids ≥3.9 (g/d) 0.20 1
β-carotene ≥6.04 (mg/d) 0.20 1
Hogg et al., (2017) [73] MDS * score Quartile 4 (high) 0.53 2
0.61 3
nvAMD = 47% [2]
nvAMD = 39% [2]
SanGiovanni et al., (2007) [74] Total fish intake >2 servings/week nvAMD = 39% [2]
Chiu et al., (2014) [66] Oriental vs. Western diet Diet quintile
Oriental pattern score Quintile 5 (high) 0.38 4 Advanced AMD = 62% [2]
Western pattern score Quintile 5 (high) 3.7 5 Advanced AMD = 270% increase [2]

* MDS = Mediterranean diet score; 1 ORs compare the highest (Q5) intake of micronutrients to lowest (Q1); 2 ORs compare the highest (≥6) to lowest adherence (≤4) of the MDS; 3 ORs compare >2 medium servings/week with controls for levels (<1 medium serving/month) of fin fish and shellfish intake; 4 ORs compare the highest to lowest quintile of the Oriental pattern score; 5 ORs compare the highest to lowest quintile of the Western pattern score.