Table 4.
Nutritional and dietary factors in AMD.
| Study Authors | Diet Rich vs. Poor in Nutrient | Dose Required for Reduction | Odds Ratio | Reduction in AMD |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aoki et al., (2016) [72] | Zinc | ≥10.2 (mg/d) | 0.10 1 | nvAMD = 60–90% [2] |
| Vitamin D | ≥27.5 (μgram/d) | 0.40 1 | ||
| α-tocopherol | ≥10.6 (mg/d) | 0.20 1 | ||
| Vitamin C | ≥184.9 (mg/d) | 0.40 1 | ||
| Omega−3 fatty acids | ≥3.9 (g/d) | 0.20 1 | ||
| β-carotene | ≥6.04 (mg/d) | 0.20 1 | ||
| Hogg et al., (2017) [73] | MDS * score | Quartile 4 (high) | 0.53 2 0.61 3 |
nvAMD = 47% [2] nvAMD = 39% [2] |
| SanGiovanni et al., (2007) [74] | Total fish intake | >2 servings/week | nvAMD = 39% [2] | |
| Chiu et al., (2014) [66] | Oriental vs. Western diet | Diet quintile | ||
| Oriental pattern score | Quintile 5 (high) | 0.38 4 | Advanced AMD = 62% [2] | |
| Western pattern score | Quintile 5 (high) | 3.7 5 | Advanced AMD = 270% increase [2] |
* MDS = Mediterranean diet score; 1 ORs compare the highest (Q5) intake of micronutrients to lowest (Q1); 2 ORs compare the highest (≥6) to lowest adherence (≤4) of the MDS; 3 ORs compare >2 medium servings/week with controls for levels (<1 medium serving/month) of fin fish and shellfish intake; 4 ORs compare the highest to lowest quintile of the Oriental pattern score; 5 ORs compare the highest to lowest quintile of the Western pattern score.