Table 2.
Changes in human skeletal muscle phenotype (literature data) and expression of genes encoding proteins of some protein classes (sarcomere, ECM proteins and regulators, cytokine, growth and secreted proteins, transcriptional factors and mitochondrion) or metabolic pathways (fat and carbohydrate metabolism) induced by disuse (D), long-term aerobic exercise training (TR), or both training and acute aerobic exercise (TR+AE) as well as by acute aerobic exercise at specific time of recovery. ↑, ↓, and ↔ show up-, down-regulation, and no changes, respectively.
| Metabolic Pathway/Protein Class | D | TR | TR + AE | AE 0 h |
AE 0.5–1 h |
AE 3 h |
AE 4 h |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fiber type specific sarcomeric proteins/genes: 58 | Protein concentration | ↔↓ [34] | ↔↑ [34,35] | ↔↓ [36] | |||||
| MF1 CSA | ↓ [37,38,39,40,41] | ↔ [42] | |||||||
| MF2 CSA | ↓ [37,38,39,40,41] | ↔ [42] | |||||||
| Genes Up | 1 | 1 | |||||||
| Genes Down | 13 | 2 | 2 | ||||||
| MF1 specific | 12 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| MF2 specific | 1 | 1 | |||||||
| Extracellular matrix | Collagen proteins/genes: 27 | Protein concentration | ↔ [43,44,45] | ↑ [35,46] | |||||
| Protein content | ↓ | ↑ | |||||||
| Genes Up | 2 | 15 | 15 | 1 | |||||
| Genes Down | |||||||||
| ECM Glycoprotein proteins/genes: 122 |
Protein concentration | ||||||||
| Genes Up | 26 | 31 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 1 | |||
| Genes Down | 4 | 1 | 2 | ||||||
| Proteoglycan proteins/genes: 19 |
Protein concentration | ↔↑ [35] | |||||||
| Genes Up | 1 | 6 | 6 | 1 | |||||
| Genes Down | |||||||||
| ECM Regulator proteins/genes: 115 |
Protein concentration | ↑ [46,47] | |||||||
| Genes Up | 19 | 26 | 3 | 6 | 6 | 2 | |||
| Genes Down | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Cytokine, growth and secreted factor proteins/genes: 179 | Protein concentration | ↑ [1,48] | |||||||
| Genes Up | 5 | 20 | 37 | 3 | 11 | 14 | 7 | ||
| Genes Down | 4 | 3 | 8 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | ||
| Transcriptional regulator proteins/genes: 1527 | Protein concentration | ||||||||
| Genes Up | 6 | 11 | 130 | 42 | 66 | 61 | 26 | ||
| Genes Down | 4 | 21 | 58 | 10 | 7 | 16 | 16 | ||
| Glycolysis/ Gluconeogenesis proteins/genes: 35 |
Protein concentration | ↔↓ [34,41,49] | ↔↑ [35,36,50] | ↔↓ [36] | |||||
| Genes Up | 1 | 4 | 1 | 3 | |||||
| Genes Down | 2 | ||||||||
| Lipid transport and beta oxidation proteins/genes: 26 |
Protein concentration | ↓ [41,49] | ↑ [35,51] | ||||||
| Genes Up | 3 | 3 | |||||||
| Genes Down | 5 | ||||||||
| Mitochondrion | Citrate cycle (TCA cycle) proteins/genes: 27 | Protein concentration | ↓ [34,41,49] | ↑ [35,36,50] | ↔↓ [36] | ||||
| Genes Up | 1 | 1 | |||||||
| Genes Down | 3 | ||||||||
| Oxidative phosphorylation proteins/genes: 123 |
Protein concentration | ↓ [34,41,49] | ↑ [35,36,50] | ↔↓ [36] | |||||
| Genes Up | 2 | 2 | 0 | ||||||
| Genes Down | 29 | ||||||||
| Mitochondrial proteins/genes: 1097 | Protein concentration | ↓ [34,41,49] | ↑ [35,36,50] | ↔↓ [36] | |||||
| Genes Up | 3 | 18 | 35 | 2 | 6 | 11 | 8 | ||
| Genes Down | 88 | 3 | 9 | 1 | 3 | 4 | |||