. 2021 Jan 29;21(3):906. doi: 10.3390/s21030906

Table 2.

List of analyte targets detected by fluorescence-based sensors.

Analyte	Method	Sensing Element/Fluorescent Molecules	LoD/Dynamic Range	Ref.
Food
Penicillin G	FP	Antibody/NIR-CF647	1.0 nmol/L	[134]
Ciprofloxacin	FP	Antibody/NIR-CF647	1 ppb	[135]
Amikacin	FS	Enzyme/fluorescein-5 maleimide	40 nM	[122]
Kanamycin A	FS	Enzyme/fluorescein-5 maleimide	50 nM	[122]
Gentamicin	FS	Enzyme/fluorescein-5 maleimide	10 nM	[122]
Neomycin	FS	Enzyme/fluorescein-5 maleimide	7 nM	[122]
Tobramycin	FS	Enzyme/fluorescein-5 maleimide	5 nM	[122]
Paromomycin	FS	Enzyme/fluorescein-5 maleimide	10 nM	[122]
Fluoroquinolone	FP	Antibody/nanoparticles	0.1 nM	[123]
Sulfadimethoxine	FI	Aptamer/fluorescein amidite	10 ng/mL	[124]
Chloramphenicol	TR-FIA	Antibody/europium	0.05 ng g⁻¹	[130]
Fluoroquinolone	TR-FIA	Antibody/Europium	0.053 μg/L	[131]
Patulin	FP	Antibody/NIR DyLight IF800	0.06 μg/L	[136]
Ochratoxin A	FCS	Antibody/FITC	0.0078 ng	[137]
17β-estradiol	FP	Antibody/CF647	<10 pmol	[140]
Hexestrol	FP	Receptor/coumestrol	2.94 nM	[141]
Dienestrol	FP	Receptor/coumestrol	2.89 nM	[141]
Diethylstilbestrol	FP	Receptor/coumestrol	3.12 nM	[141]
α-lactalbumins	FLISA	Antibody/CdSe/ZnS quantum dots	0.1 ng/mL	[142]
Lactoferrin	FP	Aptamer/FITC and Ag10NPs	1.25 pM	[143]
Gluten	FCS	Antibody/FITC	0.006 ppm	[144]
Environment
Testosterone	TIRF	Antibody	0.2 ng/L	[147]
Carbaryl	FI	Enzyme/silicon quantum dots (SiQDs)	7.25 × 10⁻⁹ g/L	[155]
Parathion	FI	Enzyme/silicon quantum dots (SiQDs)	3.25 × 10⁻⁸ g/L	[155]
diazinon	FI	Enzyme/silicon quantum dots (SiQDs)	6.76 × 10⁻⁸ g/L	[155]
Phorate	FI	Enzyme/silicon quantum dots (SiQDs)	1.90 × 10⁻⁷ g/L	[155]
Acetylcholinesterase	FI	Enzyme/nanoclusters DNA-Cu/AgNCs	0.05 U/mL	[157]
Acetylcholinesterase	FI	Enzyme/nanoclusters AuNCs	2.0 × 10⁻⁶ U/mL	[158]
DDVP	FI	Enzyme/nanoclusters AuNCs	13.67 pM	[158]
Benzene	FRET	Protein/ 1-aminoanthracene	3.9 μg/m³	[160]
Security
Ricin A	FI	Protein/AuNCs	400 nM	[164]
Bacillus anthracis	FI	Antibody/silicon nitride surfaces	10³ CFU/mL	[165]
Health
IL-1β	FI	Antibody/FITC	8.91 pg/mL	[172]
IL-6	FI	Antibody/FITC	1.33 pg/mL	[172]
IL-10	FI	Antibody/FITC	6.12 pg/mL	[172]
Dopamine	FI	Bi-functionalized carbon dots	0.1 pM	[176]
17β-estradiol	FI	Aptamer/fluorescent dye	2.1 nM	[177]
17β-estradiol	FI	Antibody/nanoparticles DC-AuNPs	6.4 × 10⁻⁶ ng/mL	[178]
Calcium ion	FI	Turn-on fluorescent probe	2.70 × 10⁻⁷ M	[196]
Calcium ion	FI	Receptor/mIFP	0.01 to 1 μM ^a	[191]
Calcium ion	FI	Receptor/GAF-sfGFP	0.1 to 5 μM ^a	[193]
Calcium ion	FI	Receptor/cpFAST	0.04 to 0.2 μM ^a	[194]
Hg²⁺	FI	NIR-activatable probe-HCy−SeH	10 to 60 μM ^a	[199]
Hg²⁺	FI	BPs (IFP1.4)	32 μM	[201]
MeHg⁺	LRET	UCNPs/UCL	0.18 ppb	[200]
O₂-	FI	NIR-activatable probe-HCy−SeH	10 to 60 μM ^a	[199]
NAD⁺	FI	Enzyme/cpVenus	30 μM to 1 mM ^a	[206]
NAD⁺	FI	Enzyme/cpYFP	0.1 to 10 mM ^a	[207]
NAD⁺	BRET	Enzyme-cpLuc/Cy3	10⁻⁴ to 10⁻⁸ M ^a	[208]
Acetylcholine	FI	Receptor/cpEGFP	10 nM to 100 μM ^a	[209]
Dopamine	FI	Receptor/cpEGFP	10⁻⁶ to 10⁻⁸ M ^a	[210]
Epinephrine	FI	Receptor/cpEGFP	10⁻⁶ to 10⁻⁸ M ^a	[211]
H₂O₂	FI	Enzyme/NeonOxIrr	pH 5.5 to 7.5 ^a	[192]
Nitric Oxide	FRET	FITC and DABCYL	100 pM to 5 nM ^a	[216]
hydrogen ion	FI	Pentamethine cyanine fluorophores	pH 1.0 to 4.0 ^a	[227]

^a The working dynamic range values are reported for in vivo biosensors.