Table 1.

Liverpool Outcome Score used to assess neurological sequelae of the patients with Japanese encephalitis virus infection – Lewthwaite et al.¹⁵

Answer each question	Score
Ask the patient or caregiver the following questions
Speech or communication
Normal	5
Changed or reduced	3
Not speaking or communicating	2
Feeding
Normal	5
Occasionally needs help	3
Not speaking or communicating	2
Leaving alone
Can be left alone	5
Briefly in familiar environment	3
Cannot be left alone	2
Behavior
Normal	5
Gets angry easily	4
Other behavioral problems	4
Severely abnormal	2
Recognition
Normal	5
Some	3
None	2
School or working
Back to normal at school or work	5
Not doing as well	4
Dropped a school grade or no longer attending school or work	3
Epilepsy/seizure
No seizure and not on anti- epileptic drugs	5
No seizure and on antiepileptic drugs	4
Yes, has had seizure	3
Yes, seizure most days	2
Dressing
Normal	5
Occasionally needs more help	3
Always needs more help than other children of the same age	2
Bladder and bowel control
Normal	5
Occasionally needs more help or occasionally is incontinent	4
Need more help or is incontinent of bowel or bladder	2
Hearing
Normal	5
Reduced in one or both ears	4
Cannot hear at all	3
Observation of the patient’s abilities
Sitting
Normal or independently	5
Needs help	3
Not at all	2
Standing up
Normal or independently	5
Needs help	3
Not at all	2
Walking
Normally	5
Abnormally but independently ± crutches/stick	3
Not able to walk	2
Hands on head
Normal both hands	5
Abnormal one or both hands	3
Unable one or both hands	2
Picking up
Normal pincer grasp both hands	5
Unable one hand or abnormal one hand or both	3
Unable both hands	2

LOS = Liverpool Outcome Score. Outcome score: lowest score for any single question (range, 2–5). Total LOS: all the individual scores added up (range, 33–75). Final LOS is the lowest number scored for any single question: 5: full recovery; 4: minor sequelae with no effect, or only minor effects on physical function, or personality change, or on medication; 3: moderate sequelae mildly affecting function, probably compatible with independent living; 2: severe sequelae, impairing function sufficient to make patient dependent; 1: death.