Table 3.

Distribution and prevalence of at least 8 ANC visits and early timing of first ANC visit by barriers to healthcare access in Nigeria, Mali, Guinea and Zambia (DHS 2018)

Variable	Nigeria (N=6761)			Mali (N=1973)			Guinea (N=1690)			Zambia (N=1570)
	n(%)	visit >=8	<=3 months	n(%)	visit >=8	<=3 months	n(%)	visit >=8	<=3 months	n(%)	visit >=8	<=3 months
		Prevalence, % (95% CI)	Prevalence, % (95% CI)		Prevalence, % (95% CI)	Prevalence, % (95% CI)		Prevalence, % (95% CI)	Prevalence, % (95% CI)		Prevalence, % (95% CI)	Prevalence, % (95% CI)
		17.8(16.4–19.3)	17.6(16.3–18.9)		3.5(2.7–4.6)	35.5(32.8–38.3)		2.8(2.1–3.9)	26.3(23.5–29.4)		1.5(0.9–2.4)	38.5(35.0–42.1)
Getting permission to visit the health facility		p = 0.318	p = 0.059		p= 0.003	p< 0.001		p=0.006	p=0.002		p=0.223	p=0.034
Big Problem	757(11.2)	0.16(0.12–0.20)	0.14(0.02–0.18)	570(28.9)	0.02(0.01–0.03)	0.28(0.23–0.33)	494(29.2)	0.02(0.01–0.03)	0.20(0.16–0.25)	88(5.6)	0.03(0.01–0.10)	0.50(0.38–0.61)
Not a big problem	6004(88.8)	0.18(0.16–0.20)	0.18(0.17–0.19)	1403(71.1)	0.04(0.03–0.06)	0.39(0.36–0.42)	1196(70.8)	0.04(0.03–0.05)	0.29(0.26–0.32)	1482(94.4)	0.02(0.01–0.03)	0.38(0.34–0.41)
Getting money needed for treatment		p< 0.001	p< 0.001		p< 0.001	p< 0.001		p=0.068	p=0.143		p=0.411	p=0.340
Big Problem	3169(46.9)	0.14(0.12–0.16)	0.15(0.14–0.17)	838(42.5)	0.02(0.01–0.03)	0.27(0.23–0.31)	1076(63.6)	0.02(0.01–0.03)	0.25(0.22–0.29)	358(22.5)	0.02(0.01–0.05)	0.41(0.34–0.41)
Not a big problem	3592(53.1)	0.21(0.19–0.23)	0.20(0.18–0.21)	1135(57.5)	0.05(0.04–0.07)	0.42(0.39–0.45)	614(36.4)	0.03(0.02–0.04)	0.29(0.25–0.33)	1217(77.5)	0.02(0.01–0.03)	0.38(0.35–0.42)
Distance to health facility		P = 0.005	P = 0.014		P= 0.001	p< 0.001		p< 0.001	p=0.007		p=0.257	p=0.056
Big Problem	1929(28.5)	0.15(0.13–0.17)	0.15(0.13–0.17)	596(30.3)	0.02(0.01–0.03)	0.28(0.24–0.32)	858(50.8)	0.02(0.1–0.03)	0.23(0.19–0.26)	584(37.2)	0.02(0.01–0.04)	0.42(0.37–0.48)
Not a big problem	4832(71.5)	0.19(0.17–0.21)	0.19(0.17–0.20)	1374(69.7)	0.05(0.03–0.06)	0.39(0.36–0.42)	832(49.2)	0.05(0.03–0.07)	0.30(0.26–0.35)	986(62.8)	0.02(0.01–0.03)	0.36(0.32–0.40)
Not wanting to go alone		P = 0.261	P = 0.208		P= 0.051	P=0.002		p= 0.013	p=0.022		P=0.448	p=0.158
Big Problem	1106(16.4)	0.16(0.14–0.19)	0.16(0.13–0.19)	427(21.6)	0.02(0.01–0.04)	0.28(0.23–0.33)	542(32.1)	0.02(0.01–0.03)	0.22(0.18–0.27)	240(15.3)	0.02(0.01–0.03)	0.44(0.36–0.52)
Not a big problem	5655(83.7)	0.18(0.16–0.19)	0.18(0.17–0.19)	1546(78.4)	0.04(0.03–0.05)	0.38(0.35–0.41)	148(67.9)	0.04(0.03–0.05)	0.28(0.25–0.32)	1330(84.7)	0.02(0.01–0.03)	0.38(0.34–0.41)