Table 1.
Baseline characteristics *.
| Variable | All Subjects (n = 284) |
No PAE (n = 209) |
PAE (n = 75) |
p-Value * |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male, n(%) | 178 (63) | 129 (62) | 49 (65) | 0.266 |
| Age, years—mean (SD) | 65 (7) | 65 (7) | 66 (7) | 0.273 |
| Smoking history Packs—year Current smokers, n(%) |
42 (35–60) 142 (50) |
40 (32–60) 105 (50) |
50 (38–60) 37 (49) |
0.027 0.893 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 Body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2, n(%) |
28 (25–31) 91 (32) |
27 (25–31) 53 (26) |
30 (25–34) 38 (51) |
0.002 <0.001 |
| Prevalent comorbidities, n(%) Hypertension Diabetes Hyperlipidaemia Coronary heart disease Atrial fibrillation |
111 (39) 45 (16) 91 (32) 29 (10) 17 (6) |
75 (36) 29 (14) 63 (30) 19 (9) 10 (5) |
34 (46) 15 (20) 27 (36) 9 (12) 6 (8) |
0.149 0.209 0.350 0.468 0.300 |
| FEV1, % predicted -mean (SD) COPD, n(%) |
84 (22) 171 (60) |
88 (20) 124 (59) |
74 (23) 47 (63) |
<0.001 0.613 |
| DLCO, % predicted—mean (SD) | 83 (23) | 84 (22) | 81 (25) | 0.310 |
| Epworth sleepiness scale | 6 (4–8) | 6 (4–8) | 6 (4–9) | 0.069 |
| Apnoea–hypopnoea index, events/h OSA, n(%) |
10 (4–22) 167 (59) |
10 (3–20) 124 (59) |
11 (5–30) 43 (57) |
0.273 0.763 |
| Oxygen desaturation index, events/h | 11 (4–22) | 9 (4–19) | 10 (5–28) | 0.097 |
| Resting O2 saturation, % | 94 (92–95) | 94 (92–95) | 93 (92–94) | 0.002 |
| Median O2 saturation, % | 92 (90–93) | 92 (91–94 | 91 (89–93) | <0.001 |
| T90, % T90 ≥ 10%, n (%) T90 ≥ 30%, n (%) |
6 (1–30) 119 (42) 71 (25) |
4 (1–23) 76 (36) 40 (19) |
17 (1–69) 43 (57) 31 (41) |
<0.001 0.002 <0.001 |
| % of lung with emphysema | 3 (1–7) | 3 (1–7) | 3 (1–6) | 0.852 |
| Pulmonary artery diameter, mm | 26 (24–28) | 25 (23–26) | 31 (29–32) | <0.001 |
| Aorta diameter, mm | 34 (31–37) | 33 (31–36) | 36 (33–39) | <0.001 |
| PA:Ao ratio | 0.76 (0.68–0.84) | 0.76 (0.66–0.81) | 0.86 (0.79–0.92) | <0.001 |
| PA:Ao > 0.9, n(%) | 32 (11.6) | 10 (4.8) | 22 (29.0) | <0.001 |
Definition of abbreviations: PAE = pulmonary artery enlargement as defined by pulmonary artery diameter; Post-BD FEV1 = post-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in the first second; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DLco = diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide; OSA = obstructive sleep apnoea as defined by an apnoea–hypopnoea index ≥ 5 events·h−1; T90 = percentage of sleep recording time with oxygen saturation < 90%; PA:Ao ratio = ratio of the diameter of the pulmonary artery to the diameter of the ascending aorta. Data presented as median (25th–75th percentiles), mean (SD), or number (%). * p-value differences were assessed using t tests or Mann–Whitney test for continuous variables and Pearson’s chi-squared tests for categorical variables.