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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Feb 1.
Published in final edited form as: Curr Opin Neurol. 2021 Feb 1;34(1):142–149. doi: 10.1097/WCO.0000000000000895

Figure 1. Detailed cortico-motor regimens in rodents and non-human primates while emerging from propofol-induced anesthesia.

Figure 1.

(A) Schematic depicting the behavioral and physiological phases during emergence from anesthesia (top panel) compared to recovery from coma (bottom panel). Arrows indicate graded levels of recovery modeled in rodents and nonhuman-primates. Question marks denote unexplored cortical and behavioral arousal states that remain to be identified in animal models. (B) Representative trace of motor cortex LFP during propofol bolus injection (15mg/Kg; purple line) and normalized spectrogram of LFP. (C) Segmented cortical periods and averaged density estimation per cortical state for each period (500 s interval) and averaged percentage distribution of motor behavior while emerging from propofol (n=5). Gao S and Calderon DP, unpublished data. (d) Change of power in different cortical bands in somatosensory cortex (S1 (red) and S2, (brown) versus ventral promotor area, PMv, (blue). Bands shown are slow-delta [0.5–4 Hz, (i)], theta [4–8 Hz, (ii)], alpha [8–12 Hz, (iii)], low beta [12–18 Hz, (iv)], high beta [18–25 Hz, (v)], low gamma [25–34 Hz, (vi)]. Power was normalized using z-scores. Propofol was infused for 60 min (1800–5400 s, grey solid lines. LOC (loss of consciousness) is shown with a black arrow and dotted lines, ROC (recovery of consciousness) with a purple arrow and dotted lines, and ROPAP (return of preanesthetic performance) with an orange arrow and dotted lines. Reproduced with permission from[38].