Table 2.

Medicinal plants of Arabian Peninsula reported constituents use.

Country	Name	Chemical Constituents	Scientific Reports	Reference
Oman	Ajuga iva	Anthocyanins, ecdysteroids, flavones, glycosides, terpenes; diterpenes, triterpenes, tannins, withanolides	Antibacterial, antifungal, antihypertensive, antimycobacterial, antiplasmodial, hypoglycaemic, larvae and insect antifeedant activity	[12,16,97,98]
	Moringa	Flavonoid, isothiocyanate, glycosides, phytosterol, polyphenol, triterpene, volatile oil	Anticancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-spasmodic, hypertension, hepatotoxicity, lipid lowering activity, memory disorders	[17]
	Rhazya stricta	Indole alkaloid, flavonoids, carbolines, alkaloids with β-carboline nucleus (akuammidine, rhazinilam tetrahydrosecamine), triterpenes, tannins, volatile bases	Antioxidant, blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, immunomodulation effect	[22,99]
Qatar	C. coccineum	Flavonoids, organic acids, scharrides, lipids	Anticancer, antidiabetic, antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase antimicrobial, cardioprotective, immunity-improving, neuroprotective, increase and folliculogenesis, testicular development, spermatogenesis	[100,101]
Saudi Arabia	Avicennia marina	Alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, phenols, saponins, tannins, terpenoids	Antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiviral	[102]
	Caralluma sinaica	Coumarin, flavonoids, glycosides, phenolic alkaloids, steroids, tannins	Antidiabetic agent, antimicrobial	[78]
	Ducrosia anethifolia	Monoterpenes hydrocarbons(essential oil), coumarins	Anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anxiolytic, radical scavenging	[80,103]
Saudi Arabia	Jatropha curcas	C yclic peptide alkaloids, flavonoid, lignans, saponins, terpenes, diterpenoids	Antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, gastroprotective, anthelmintic, antidiarrhea activity, antiulcer	[103,104,105,106]
	Loranthus acaciae	Alkaloid, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids saponins tannins, terpenoids, catechin	Analgesic, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antitumor, antioxidant, antihepatotoxic, antiviral	[38,107]
	Lycium shawii	Alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, saponins, glycosides, terpenoids, steroids, coumarins	Antioxidant, diuretic, laxative, anticancer, antimicrobial anti-inflammatory, tonic agent	[108]
	Marrubiumvulgare	Flavonoid, phenylpropanoids, terpenes, sesqui and diterpenes	Antihypertensive, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant	[85]
	Moringa oleifera	Carotenoids, glucosinolates, flavonoids, phenolic acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, tocopherols	Antidyslipidemic, anthelmintic, antihyperglycemic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, apoptotic properties, antiproliferative, anti-ulcer, antiurolithiatic, hepatoprotective	[109]
	Morus nigra	Alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols	Antihyperlipidemic, antidepressant, antioxidant, neuroprotective	[110]
Saudi Arabia	Ocimum forskolei	Alkaloids, essential oils, flavonoids, glycosides, phenylpropanoids, saponins, steroids, tannins	Activities against bacteria and dermatophytes, antihyperglycemic, nematicidal activity, weak antioxidant	[87,111]
	Plicosepalus curviflorus	Flavonol rhamnosides, sesquiterpene lactones	Antihepatotoxic, antidiabetic, cytotoxic activities	[112]
	Retama raetam	Flavonoid, quinolizidine alkaloids	Antibacterial, antihyperlipidemic, antihypertensive, antioxidant, diuretic, hypoglycemic.	[48]
	Rhizophora mucronata	Alkaloids, anthocyanidins, anthraquinone, carotenoids, catechin, flavonoids, phenolics, saponin, steroids, triterpene	Antimicrobial, antioxidant, hepatoprotective	[89,102,113]
	Salvadora persica	Essential oil, organosulphur compounds, saponin, β-sitosterol	Anticonvulsant, antifertility, antimicrobial, analgesic, antiplaque, aphrodisiac, antipyretic, antiulcer, astringent, diuretic, hypolipidemic, stomachic activities.	[49,114]
Yemen	Azadirachta indica	Alkaloid, aromatic compound, flavonoid, flavone, isoprenoidssesquiterpenes, terpenes;triterpenoids tetraanortriterpenoid, saponins, limonoids	Antibacterial, antidiabetic, antifertility, antihypercholesteremic. antimalarial, antioxidant, antiulcer, anti-tumor	[9,58]
	Boswellia carterii	Pentacyclic triterpenoid, volatile oil	Anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective.	[115,116,117]
Yemen	Cissus rotundifolia	Steroids, flavonoids, β-sitosterol	Analgesic, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antiparasitic, antiulcerative, antioxidant, hepatoprotective activity	[62,118,119]
	Dracaena cinnabari	Flavone, chalcone	Antidiarrheal, anti-hemorrhagic, anti-inflammatory antimicrobial, antiviral activity, antitumor activity, antiulcer, immunomodulatory, antioxidant	[92]
	Opuntia ficus-indica	Flavonoid glycoside, oxygenated monoterpenes, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, aldehydes with non-terpenic structure	Antioxidant, antiulcer, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective	[120,121]
	Pulicaria inuloides	Essential oil, monoterpenes, diterpenes, sesquiterpene lactones and caryophyllane derivatives	Antimicrobial, antifungal, antimalaria, insecticides properties	[94,95]
	Solenostemma argel	Phenolic acids, flavones, glycosylated flavonoids, polyphenols, β-carotene, β-sitosterol, terpenes, mono and triterpenes	Antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant	[69,96,122,123]