Table 3.

Medicinal plants with potential antidiabetic activity in Arabian Peninsula.

Scientific Name	Part Used	Extraction Method, Solvent	Target	Intervention and Duration	Observations	Ref.
Ajuga iva	Root, stem, leaf	Ethanol, maceration	Streptozocin diabetic rats	21 days	Hypoglycemic activity	[25]
Moringa pergrina	Leaf	Chloroform, soxhlet	Mice	1 mL of 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, or 2%, 21 days	Weight reduction, influenced the reproductive system	[21]
Pteropyrum scoparium	Leaf, root, stem	Ethanol, maceration	streptozocin diabetic rats	21 days	Hypoglycemic activity	[25]
Rhazya stricta	Root, stem, leaf	Ethanol, maceration	Streptozocin diabetic rats	21 days	Hypoglycemic activity	[25]
Cynomorium coccineum	Inner flesh of stem	Water, reflux	In vitro		Antioxidant activity associated with angiotensin converting enzyme	[27]
Avicennia marina	Leaf	Ethanol, maceration	Streptozocin diabetic rats	2 mg/gm, 4 weeks	Protected liver, improved the neurobehavioral changes, decreased inflammatory cells aggregation, vacuolation, and hemorrhage.	[30]
	Leaf	Water, decoction	Streptozocin diabetic rats	400 mg/kg, 6 weeks	Significant increase in the muscle levels of CAT, SOD and glutathione	[31]
Caralluma sinaica	Aerial parts, root	Ethanol (80%), maceration	Streptozocin diabetic rats	100 mg/kg, 30 days	Reversed streptozocin effect on glycogen content	[33]
Ducrosia anethifolia	Aerial parts	Ethanol (80%),maceration	Streptozocin diabetic rats	500 mg/kg, 45 days	Normalized liver enzymes, total protein, lipid, cholesterol levels, antioxidant markers, glycolytic, and elevated level of kidney biomarkers	[34]
Jatropha curcas	Aerial parts	Ethanol (96%), chloroform, hexane, maceration	Alloxan diabetic mice	400 mg/kg, 1 day	Safe up to dose of 5 g/kg	[124]
Loranthus acaciae	Leaf, stem	Ethanol, soxhlet	Alloxan diabetic rats, normal rats	500 mg/kg, 1 week	LD50 of the extract and its fractions was more than 5 g/kg, a potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effect was detected for the chloroform fraction	[38]
Lycium shawii	Aerial parts	Ethanol, decoction	Alloxan diabetic rats, normal rats	500 mg/kg, o.p or i.p, 90 days	None of the mice died up to 3 g/kg dose. Prolonged L. shawii treatment is toxic.	[39]
Marrubium vulgare	Aerial parts	Methanol, maceration	Streptozocin diabetic rats	500 mg/kg, 28 days	Significant reduction in plasma TC, TG, LDL, increased HDL	[40]
Moringa oleifera	Seed	Powder	Streptozocin diabetic rats	50, 100 mg/kg, 4 weeks	Restoration of the normal histology of both kidney and pancreas	[42]
Morus nigra	Leaf	Ethylalcohol, maceration	Streptozocin diabetic rats	500 mg/kg, 10 days	Significant increase in insulin level	[43]
Ocimum basilicum	Leaf	Water, infusion	In vitro	20, 18.2, 16.3, 14.5 mg/mL	Significant dose-dependent inhibition of sucrase, maltase and pancreatic α-amylase	[125]
Ocimum forskolei	Leaf, stem	Methanol (70%), maceration	In vitro	10, 20, 30 mg/mL	The inhibitory activity (IC50) of both leaf and stems methanol extracts are almost the same	[45]
Plicosepalus curviflorus	Leaf	Serial exhaustive extraction, maceration	Mice	Extract: 500 mg/kg, i.p Isolated compounds 50, 100 mg/kg, i.p	The mixture of the isolated compounds synergized with each other.	[45]
	Whole plant	Methanol, maceration	High-fat diet followed by injection of streptozocin diabetic rats	Extract or solid lipid nanoparticles: 250 mg/kg, 4 weeks	The SLN preparation with the highest lipid content gave the best result of reduction of hyperglycemia and insulin resistance	[45]
Retama raetam	Fruit	Methanol, maceration	Streptozocin diabetic rats	100, 250, 500 mg/kg, 4 weeks	The extract significantly inhibits glucose absorption by rat isolated intestine	[48]
Rhizophora mucronata	Leaf	Water	Streptozocin diabetic rats	400 mg/kg, 6 weeks	Significant increase in the muscle levels of CAT, GSH and SOD	[31]
Salvadora persica	Root	Water, soxhlet	Streptozocin diabetic rats	250, 500 mg/kg, 21 days	Significant decrease in TC, TG, LDL, VLDL, increase in HDL	[49]
Azadirachta indica	Leaf	Water, percolation	Alloxan diabetic rabbits	200, 400 mg/kg, 25 days	Decrease in serum TG, cholesterol, LDL, increase in HDL	[51]
Boswellia carterii	Resin	Water, decoction	Streptozocin/Nicotinamide-diabetic rats	100 mg/kg, 4 weeks	Decrease in the serum cholesterol and TG	[58]
Cissus rotundifolia	Aerial parts	Water, maceration	Streptozocin/Nicotinamide-diabetic rats	100 mg/kg, 4 weeks	Decrease in serum cholesterol and TG	[58]
	Leaf	Water, maceration	Streptozocin/Nicotinamide-diabetic rats	100 mg/kg, 4 weeks	Significant decrease in urea, ALT, AST	[62]
Dracaena cinnabari	Resin	Ethanol 99%, maceration	Alloxan diabetic rats	100, 300 mg/kg, 14 days	Antihyperlipidemic effect	[64]
Dracaena cinnabari	Resin	Serial exhaustive extraction, soxhlet	In vitro MCF-7 cell line	100 μg/mL	Glucose uptake inducing activity of ethylacetate extract was found to be higher than Metformin	[63]
Opuntia ficus-indica	Seed	Hexane, p-ether, chloroform, maceration	Streptozocin-diabetic rats	0.2, 0.4, 0.6 g/kg, twice daily, 21 days	Reducing the expression of the PCK1 gene while increasing the expression of Slc2a2 gene in the liver tissue.	[66]
Pulicaria inuloides	Leaf	Oil extract, stem distillation	Streptozocin diabetic rats	400 mg/kg, 21 days	Inhibitory effect on α-glycosidase and α-amylase	[67]
Solenostemma argel	Leaf	Methanol, maceration	Methylprednisol-one diabetic rats	1 gm/kg, 14 days	Antioxidant activity	[69]