Table 9.

Medicinal plants of Iran constituents, use.

Name	Chemical Constituents	Biological and Pharmacological Activities	Reference
Allium ampeloprasum	Cinnamic acid derivatives, nitrates, flavonoids, polysaccharides, glucosinolates, organosulphur compounds	Antibacterial, antioxidant, antifungal, protect skin against damage due to pathogenic agents, alleviate gastrointestinal diseases, inflammatory, hepatotoxicity	[183,277,306]
Allium ascalonicum	Volatile sulfur compounds, saponins, flavonoids, furostanol saponin	Antibacterial, anti-fungal, antihelicobacter pylori, beneficial hematological influences, antioxidant, peroxynitrite-scavenging capacity	[307,308]
Allium sativum	Organo-sulphur compounds, volatile sulphur compounds (diallyl sulphide), polyphenols	Hypoglycemic, cardiac diseases, antiseptic, toothache, antihyperlipidemia, anthelmintic, antihypertensive	[166,168,309]
Amygdalus lycioides	Alkaloids, amygdalin, flavonoid, phenolic compound, terpenoids,	Antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antiaging, antimicrobial, decrease the risk of colonic cancer, increase HDL cholesterol, reduce LDL cholesterol, cardioprotective	[189,310]
Amygdalus scoparia	Amygdalin, flavonoids, amino acids, linoleic acid	Antioxidant	[311]
Arctium lappa	Flavonoids, lignans, phenols, saponins, tannin	Anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, free radical scavenging activities	[190]
Berberis integerrima	Anthocyanins, alkaloids, berberine	Anticonvulsant, bleeding, diarrhea, fever, gastrointestinal disease, hepatitis, malaria, swollen gums teeth, sore throat, bile inflammation, reducing blood cholesterol	[191,312]
Brassica napus	Anthocyanin, cinnamic acid hydroxyl derivatives, flavonoids, erucic acid	Antioxidant	[194,284]
Brassica rapa	Flavonoids, phenylpropanoid derivatives, indole alkaloids, sterol glucosides, glucosinolates and isothiocyanate	Analgesic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, cardiovascular and hypolipidemic effect, diabetes, hepatoprotective, metabolic syndrome neuroprotective, obesity	[195,313]
Capparis spinosa	alkaloids, lipids, polyphenols, flavonoids, Tocopherols, carotenoids, glycosides, capparic acids, tannins	Antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, antiallergic, hepatoprotective effects	[199,286]
Centaurea bruguierana	Sesquiterpene lactone, flavonoid (kaempferol, rutin, quercetin)	Antiplasmodial, antipeptic ulcer	[201]
Cichorium intybus	Aliphatic compounds, terpenoids, saccharides, methoxycoumarin cichorine, flavonoids, essential oils and anthocyanins	Antimicrobial, anthelmintic, antimalarial, diabetes, hepatoprotective, gastroprotective, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, tumor inhibitory, antiallergic	[202]
Citrullus colocynthis	a bitter compound (Cucurbitacins), colocynthein, colocynthetin, pectin, gum, flavonoids, alkaloid (choline), volatile terpenoids, fixed oil albuminoids, tocopherols and carotenes	Antidiabetic, hypolipidemic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, cytotoxic, insecticidal, antiallergic	[206,287]
Cornus mas	Sugar, organic acids, tannins, anthocyanins, phenolic acid, tannin, vitamin C, flavonoid, iridoids, terpene (mono, tri), Carotenoids	Antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antiobesity, hypolipidemic and anti-atherosclerotic, cytotoxicity, hepatoprotective, renalprotective, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiplatelet, cardioprotective, antiglaucomic, reproductive organ -protective, radioprotective, aldose redustase inhibitory	[231,288,314]
Cucurbita pepo	Tetra cyclic triterpens, saponins, proteins, fibers, polysaccharides, miberal, carotenoid, tocopherol	Antioxidant, lipid-lowering, hepatoprotective, anticarcinogenic, antimicrobial, antidiabetic	[213]
Cucumis sativus	Flavonoids, saponin, tannin, steroid	Antimicrobial, antitumor, antacid, carminative, wound healing, against ulcerative colitis, skin irritation, hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic	[315]
Eucalyptus globulus	Euglobals, essential oils, hydrocarbons	Antidiabetic, anti-bacterial, antiplaque, antitumor, antiviral, antifungal, antihistaminic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimalarial	[217]
Falcaria vulgaris	Volatile oil, phenolics, flavonoid,	Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and bleeding inhibitor activities	[316,317]
Ferula assafoetida	Coumarine, flavonoids, gum, phenolic acids terpene, volatile oil	Antioxidant, antiviral, antifungal, cancer chemopreventive, antidiabetic, antispasmodic, hypotensive, molluscicide	[220,221]
Galega officinalis	Alkaloid, flavonoid	Antioxidant	[318]
Gundelia tournefortii	Coumarin, terpene, sterol, essential oil, phenolic compounds,	Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, hypolipemic activity, hepatoprotective, antiplatelet, antioxidant	[319]
Heracleum persicum	Alkaloids, flavonoids, furanocoumarin, terpenoids; triterpenes, volatile substances	Anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, growth enhancer, antioxidant, anticonvulsant, analgesic, hypocholesterolaemic agent	[320,321]
Hordeum vulgare	Soluable fiber components especially β-glucans	Anti-inflammatory, antilactagogue, antimutagenic, antiviral, astringent, antioxidant, antiprotozoal, aphrodisiac, demulcent, digestive, diuretic, expectorant, febrifuge, hypocholesterolemic, refrigerant, sedative, stomachic, tonic, poultice for burns and wounds	[322]
Juglans regia	Flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, flavonoids, phytosterols, tocopherol	Antioxidant, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, antimicrobial, anticancer, liver and kidney protection, lipid-lowering effect	[228]
Mentha spicata	Flavonoids, terpenoids, monoterpenes phenols	Antimicrobial, antispasmodic, antiplatelet, insecticidal, neutraceutical and cosmetic industries	[233]
Nasturtium officinale	carotenoids, polyphenols, vitamin C, vitamin A and α-tocopherol	Antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiestrogenic, anticarcinogenic, for the prevention of cancer	[234]
Otostegia persica	Alkaloids, essential oil, flavonoids, tannin, terpenes, mono, di and sesquiterpene, steroids	Antimicrobial, antioxidant, antidiabetic, antiglycation, anti-aphids, hepatoprotective	[235,294]
Olea europaea	Lignan like compounds, lignan glycoside, coumarin, flavonoid, oleuropein, phenolics, hydroxytyrosol derivatives, secoiridoid, secoiridoid glycosides, triterpene	Antidiabetic, anticancer, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antihypertensive, enzyme inhibitory activities, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive activities, gastroprotective, neuroprotective	[323]
Phoenix dactylifera	Alkaloids, anthocyanins, carotenoids, flavonoids, phenolics, procyanidins, sterols, vitamins, tannins.	Anticancer, antioxidant, antimutagenic, antihemolytic, antiviral, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, gonadotropic activity immunostimulant, nephroprotective,	[145]
Punica granatum	Alkaloid, anthocyanin, catechin, ellagitannins, flavonoid, sterol, tannins	anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, healing activity	[324]
Pyrus boissieriana	Arbutin, glycosides, flavonoids, phenols	Antioxidant, antihyperlipidemic, bactericidal and antifungal effects, diabetes	[163,240]
Rheum turkestanicum	Anthraquinone, flavonoid, phytosterol, phenolic glycosides	Anticancer, cardioprotective, diabetes, nephroprotective, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective	[250]
Rhus coriaria	tannins, anthocyanins, various organic acids such as malic and citric acids, fatty acids, vitamins, flavonoids and terpenoids, essential oil	Antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, xanthine oxidase inhibition, hypoglycemic, cardiovascular protective activities	[248]
Salvia hydrangea	Flavonoids, phenolic acid, terpenoids	Antioxidant	[253]
Salvia hypoleuca	Essential oil, lactones, isomeric epoxides, monolactone and hypoleuenoic acid, sterols, terpenes, sesqui, di and triterpenes	Antioxidant	[325,326]
Salvia officinalis	Flavonoids, carnosic acid, rosmarinic acid	Antioxidant	[302]
Securigera securidaca	Cardenolides, coumarins, dihydrobenzofuran derivatives, flavonoids, steroidal and pentacyclic triterpenoid-type saponins	Antiulcerogenic, antiepileptic, chronotropic, diuretic, hypokalemic	[136,256]
Solanum nigrum	Catechin, caffeic acid, epicatechin, flavonoids, glycoalkaloids, glycoproteins, polysaccharides, polyphenolic compounds, protocatechuic acid	Antimicrobial, anti-HCV, anti-ulcer, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antidiarrheal, anticancer, antiseizure, cardioprotective, cytotoxic activity diabetes, immunostimulant, hepatoprotective, larvicidal activity	[257]
Teucrium polium	Terpenoids, mono, di and sesquiterpene, flavonoids, neoclerodane, polyphenols	Antioxidant, antimutagenic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, antispasmodic, antiulcer, antimicrobial, diabetes, hepatoprotective, hypolipidemic	[258,259]
Trigonella foenum-graecum	Flavonoids, alkaloids, coumarins, vitamins, steroidal saponins	Anti-inflammatory, antilipidemic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiulcer, anticarcinogenic, carminative, diabetes, hypocholesterolemic, hepatoprotective, galactogogue	[261,285,327]
Vaccinium arctostaphylos	Anthocyanins, flavonoids, phenolic acids	Antioxidant, antimicrobial	[265,328]
Urtica dioica	Alkaloids, agglutinin, lecithin, flavonoid, phenolic acids, stigmasterol, terpenes, coproporphyrin, lignan, and violaxanthin, coxamarins	Antiproliferative, antioxidant, antidandruff, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, cancer, coronary heart disease, diabetes, joint pain reduction, urinary tract infection, psychotic disorders, viral and parasitic diseases	[271]
Zataria multiflora	Volatile oil	Antioxidant, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, immunostimulant, pain-relieving	[273,329]
Zizyphus spina-christi	Flavonoid, isoquinoline alkaloid, cyclopeptide, saponin, triterpenes	Analgesic effect, antioxidant, antidiabetic, antifungal, antibacterial, antinociceptive	[275,305]