Table 10.

Plants with antidiabetic potential from Iran.

Scientific Name	Part Used	Extraction Method, Solvent	Target	Intervention and Duration	Observations	Ref.
Allium ampeloprasum	Bulb	Ethanol 70%, maceration	Alloxan diabetic rats	400, 800 mg/kg, 8 weeks	Prevent diabetes associated complications; decreased the levels of serum lipids and MDA, significantly increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes	[183]
Allium ascalonicum	Bulb	Methanol 80%, soxhlet	Alloxan diabetic rats	250, 500 mg/kg, 3 weeks	Elevated expression of both insulin and glucose transporters transcripts	[166]
Allium sativum	Bulb	Methanol 80%, soxhlet	Alloxan diabetic rats	250, 500 mg/kg, 3 weeks	Elevated expression of both insulin and glucose transporters transcripts	[166]
Arctium lappa	Root	Methanol 40%, maceration	nicotinamide-Streptozocin diabetic rats	200, 300 mg/kg, 28 days	Decreased level of triglyceride, vLDL, and alkaline phosphatase	[190]
Amygdalus lycioides	Spach branches	Methanol 50%, maceration	Streptozocin diabetic rat	125, 250, 500, 1000 mg/kg, 2 weeks	Decreased total cholesterol, LDL, TG, Cr, and alkaline phosphatase levels, increased ALT, ASTT, total number and numerical density of β-cells increased	[188]
Amygdalus scoparia	Fruit	Hexane, maceration	Streptozocin diabetic rat	1 mL/kg 15 days	Improve dregeneration of B cells	[189]
	Leaf	Aqueous, hydroalcoholic solvent	Streptozocin diabetic rats	30, 60, 120 mg/kg, 3 days	Increase in the serum insulin level	[330]
Avicennia marina	Leaf	Water, soxhlet	Streptozocin diabetic rats	100 and 200 mg/kg, i.p., one month, alternate day	Decreased the serum levels of the liver enzymes and tissue level of MDA, and the activity of the liver tissue’s antioxidant enzymes was increased	[32]
Berberis integerrima	Root	Water, maceration	Streptozocin diabetic rat	250 and 500 mg/kg, 6 weeks	Significant decrease in TG, cholesterol, LDL, ALT, AST, ALP, total bilirubin, Cr and urea, increase in HDL-cholesterol and total protein	[191]
	Fruit	Water, maceration	Streptozocin diabetic rats	250 and 500 mg/kg, 6 weeks	Extract did not possess the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activity.	[192]
	Fruit	Anthocyanin fraction	Streptozocin diabetic rats	200, 400 and 1000 mg/kg	Significantly increased liver glycogen and body weight	[193]
Brassica napus	Juice	Water, decoction	Alloxan diabetic rats	4 weeks	Decreased TG, cholesterol and LDL	[194]
Brassica rapa	Leaf	Water, maceration	Alloxan diabetic rats	200, 400 mg/kg	Decreased ALT, cholesterol, LDL, HDL, increased TG, AST	[195]
Capparis spinosa	Fruit	Ethanol 80%, soxhlet	Alloxan diabetic rats	300 mg/kg, 12 days	There was no evidence of regeneration in the liver of diabetic rats, brings the blood glucose significantly toward normal values from day 2 onwards	[198]
	Fruit	Ethanol 70%, maceration, soxhlet	Streptozocin diabetic rats	5 mg/kg	Dose-dependent decrease in blood sugar, decrease in triglycerides	[197]
	Root	Ethanol 70%, maceration	Streptozocin diabetic rats	0.2, 0.4 g/kg	Decreased LDL, AL, ALP, insulin levels did not increase, increased HDL	[331]
	Fruit	Water, decoction	Streptozocin diabetic rats	20 mg/kg, 28 days	No significant influence on the insulin level, decreased blood TG, cholesterol content, reduced the mRNA expression, enzyme activities of glucose-6- phosphatase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in liver	[200]
Centaurea bruguierana	Aerial fruiting parts	Water, dichloromethane, ethylacetate, methanol, percolation	Streptozocin, alloxan diabetic rats	200, 400 mg/kg	Aqueous extract showed best effect	[201]
Cichorium intybus	Seed	Water, maceration	Streptozocin, Streptozocin and niacinamide diabetic rats	-------	Normalization of blood ALT, TG, total cholesterol, HB1C	[203]
Citrullus colocynthis	Seed	Ethanol 80%, maceration	Alloxan diabetic rat	300 mg/kg, 12 days	Enhanced regeneration of B-cells, increased size of pancreatic islet, improvement of hepatic tissue	[207]
Cornus mas	Fruit	Ethanol 70%, maceration	Alloxan diabetic rat	2 gm/kg, 1 month	Less severe hepatic portal inflammation, antidyslipidemia effects	[208]
Cucurbita pepo	Fruit	Powder	Alloxan diabetic rat	1, 2 gm/kg 4 weeks	Reduced cholesterol, TG, LDL and CRP levels	[213]
Cucumis sativus	Seed	Ethanol 75%, percolation buthanol, maceration	Normal and streptozocin diabetic rat	0.2, 0.4, 0.8 g/kg, 9 days	The extracts were not effective in reducing blood glucose levels in normal and diabetic rats	[212]
Eucalyptus globulus	Leaf	Water, decoction	Streptozocin diabetic mice	20, 62.5 g/kg eucalyptus in the diet, and 2.5 g/L extract in drinking water, 4 weeks	Dose-dependent amelioration of diabetic states by partial restoration of pancreatic β-cells	[216]
	Leaf	Water, hot maceration	Streptozocin diabetic rats	2.5 mg/mL, 4 weeks	Increase ALT, AST and ALP activity	[332]
Falcaria vulgaris	Aerial parts	Water, maceration	Streptozocin diabetic rat	200, 600, 1800 μg/kg	Hematoprotective and nephroprotective activity	[218]
Ferula assa-foetida	Oleo-gum resin	Ethanol 70%, maceration	Streptozocin diabetic rat	150, 250 mg/kg, 6 weeks	Protective effect of liver and kidney damage	[221]
	Oleo-gum resin	Water, maceration	Streptozocin diabetic rat	50, 100, 300 mg/kg, 4weeks	50 mg/kg significantly lowered the serum glucose concentration	[219]
Galega officinalis	Leaf	Powder	Streptozocin diabetic rats	1.5, 3 g/kg	Body weight-reducing properties	[223]
	Root	Ethanol, maceration	Streptozocin diabetic rats	150 mg/kg, o.p, i.p, 6 weeks	Decreased LDL, leptin, increased TG, VLDL, AST	[333]
	Not mentioned	Hydroalcoholic solvent	Streptozocin diabetic rats	50 mg/kg, i.p, 20 days	Decreased urea and creatinine	[224]
Gundelia tournefortii	Aerial parts	Water, maceration	Alloxan diabetic rats	5, 10, 20, 40 mg/kg, 20 days	Alleviation of diabetic complications such as nephropathy	[225]
	Shoots	Water	Streptozocin diabetic rats	400 mg/kg, 21 days	Recovery of pancreas tissue	[226]
Horddeum vulgare	Seed	Ethanol 75%, percolation and alkaline extract	Streptozocin diabetic rats	0.1, 0.25, 0.5 g/kg, 11 days	Restored body weight, long term benefits	[227]
	Not mentioned	Hexane oil extraction	Alloxan diabetic rats	i.p administration of oil, 6 weeks	Reduced insulin, HbA1C, total cholesterol, LDL, VLDL, HDL and TG	[229]
Juglans regia	Leaf	Ethanol 90%, maceration	Streptozocin-nicotinamide diabetic rats	200 mg/kg, 1 month	Reduced HbA1C, total cholesterol, LDL and TG	[230]
	Leaf	Methanol 70%, maceration	Streptozocin diabetic rats	200, 400 mg/kg, 4 weeks	Significant increase in diameter and number of β-cells compared to diabetic control group	[231]
	Leaf	Methanol 70%, maceration	Alloxan diabetic rats	250, 500 mg/kg, 3 weeks	Significant inhibition of α-glucosidase, maltaseand sucrase enzymes	[232]
Mentha spicata	Leaf	Water, soxhlet	Alloxan diabetic rats	300 mg/kg, 21 days	LD50 ˃ 1500 mg/kg (body weight), decreasedcholesterol	[233]
Nasturtium officinale	Aerial parts	Water, maceration	Streptozocin diabetic rats	100, 200 mg/kg, 4 weeks	Decrease in total cholesterol and LDL	[234]
Otostegia persica	Aerial parts	Water, decoction	Streptozocin diabetic rats	100, 200, 400 mg/kg, 1 month	Reduced TG	[235]
	Aerial parts	Methanol, soxhlet	Streptozocin diabetic rats, C187 β-cell line	200, 300, 400 mg/kg	Decreased MDA and increased GSH levels in the liver	[236]
Otostegia persica	Aerial parts	Ethanol 50%, percolation	Streptozocin diabetic rat	500 mg/kg	Helped prevent the entering of the remaining β-cells into some pathologic changes, such as hypertrophy	[237]
Phoenix dactylifera	Leaf	Ethanol extract, maceration	Alloxan diabetic rat	Extract: 100, 200, 400 mg/kg, 14 days Fractions: 50, 100, 200 mg/kg, 14 days	Decrease in water intake, serum TG and cholesterol, increase in plasma insulin level	[246]
Pistacia atlantica	Fruit	Hexane extract, maceration	Streptozocin diabetic rat	1 mL/kg, 15 days	Improvedregeneration of β cells	[189]
Punica granatum	Fruit	Methanol extract, maceration	Streptozocin diabetic guinea pigs	500 mg/kg, 4 weeks	Enhanced glutathione content as well as the activity of catalase, decrease in total cholesterol and TG	[247]
Pyrus boissieriana	Leaf	Methanol, maceration	Alloxan diabetic rat	500, 1000 mg/kg, 4 days	Decreased serum TG cholesterol, increased antioxidant status	[239,240]
Rheum turkestanicum	Rhizome	Water, decoction	Streptozocin diabetic rats	200, 400, 600 mg/kg, 3 weeks	Decreased triglycerides, no hypoglycemic or hepatoprotective effect in diabetic rats	[251]
Rhus coriaria	Fruit	Ethanol, maceration	Alloxan diabetic rats	200, 400 mg/kg, 21 days	Increased serum HDL, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities, reduced LDL, inhibited maltase and sucrase activities	[249]
	Not mentioned	Water	Alloxan diabetic rats	50, 100, 250 mg/kg, 28 days	Increase catalase activities in liver and kidney	[248]
Salvia hydrangea	Aerial parts	Ethanol 90%, maceration	Streptozocin diabetic rats	100, 200 mg/kg, 21 days	Reduce blood fat	[253]
Salvia hypoleuca	Whole plant	Ethanol, maceration	Alloxan and normal diabetic rat	250, 450 mg/kg, 14 days	Non-significant reductions for the non-diabetic groups that received extracts.	[252]
Salvia officinalis	Leaves	Methanol, soxhlet	Alloxan diabetic rat	250, 500 mg/kg, 21 days	Elevated expression of both Ins and Glut-4 transcripts	[166]
Securigera securidaca	Seed	Aqueous suspension	Alloxan diabetic rat	2, 4 g/kg, 3 days, intra-gastric gavage	Protective effect against oxidative stress	[254]
	Seed	CCl4, ethanol70%, dichloromethane, maceration	Streptozocin diabetic rat	200 mg/kg, 16 days	Carbon tetrachloride extract showed the best and most significant hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities with a β-cells-protecting effect from high glucose-induced apoptosis, and also increased insulin level and sensitivity	[255]
	Seed	Ethanol 70%, maceration	Streptozocin diabetic rat	100, 200 mg/kg, 4 weeks	Decreased serum total cholesterol, LDL, increased HDL	[334]
	Seed	Methanol 80%, chloroform fraction, maceration	Streptozocin diabetic rat	Methanol: 10, 400 mg/kg Fraction: 400, 600 mg/kg	Securigenin glycosides (isolated) reduced blood glucose equivalent to glibenclamide and elevated insulin level to normal	[256]
Solanum nigrum	Fruit	Water, decoction	Streptozocin diabetic rat	1 gm/L, 8 weeks	Improved lipid profile, decreased Ca/Mg ratio, decrease vessel atherosclerosis and prevented diabetic vesselcomplications	[306]
Teucrium polium	Leaf	Water, decoction	Streptozocin diabetic rats	100 mg/kg, 3 weeks	No decrease in body weight for diabetic rats	[259]
Trigonella foenum-graecum	Whole plant	Water, decoction	High-fructose diet diabetic rat	10% of extract 8 weeks	The extract improve insulin resistance	[264]
	Seed	Methanol, maceration	Streptozocin diabetic guinea pigs	500 mg/kg, 4 weeks	Enhanced GSH content as well as the activity of catalase, decrease in total cholesterol and TG	[247]
Urtica dioica	Whole plant	Aqueous distillate, distillation	Streptozocin diabetic rat	12.5 mL/kg 1 month	Prevents islet atrophy and/or regenerate pancreatic β-cells	[269]
	Leaves	Ethanol 70%, maceration	Fructose induced diabetes	50, 100, 200 mg/kg, 2 weeks	Decreased LDL, leptin, LDL/HDL ratio, FIRI (fasting insulin resistance index), increased serum TG, VLDL, and AST	[335]
Urtica dioica	Whole plant	Water, decoction	High fructose diet diabetic rat	10% extract, 8 weeks	Urine glucose decreased significantly	[264]
	Leaves	Water, infusion	Streptozocin diabetic rats, RIN-5F and L6 myotubes cell lines	6.25 mg/kg, 1.25 g/kg 1 month	Regeneration and less β cell damage, increased insulin secretion in the RIN-5F cells and glucose uptake in the L6 myotubes cells, lower TG and cholesterol	[271]
Vaccinium arctostaphylos	Fruit	Ethanol 95%, maceration	Alloxan diabetic rat	200, 400 mg/kg, 21 days	Decreased total cholesterol and TG	[266]
Vitex agnus-castus	Fruit	Ethanol 70%, maceration	D-galactose-induced aging mouse	500, 600 mg/kg, twice daily, 7 days	Pancreatic protective effects in natural aged and aging model mice	[267]
Zataria multiflora	Leaf	Hydrodistillation	Streptozocin diabetic rats	50 μL/kg 28 days	Decrease in in plasma ALP, AST, ALT, and significant increase in total protein and insulin	[273]
Ziziphus vulgaris	Fruit	Water, maceration	Onreptozocin diabetic rats	0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 g/kg 14 days	Decrease in LDL and TG	[275]