Table 22.

Plants with antidiabetic potential from Palestine.

Scientific Name	Part Used	Extraction Method, Solvent	Target	Intervention and Duration	Observations	Ref
Atriplex halimus	Leaf, stem	Ethanol (50%) extract, maceration	HepG2, L6myc cell line	0–2 mg/mL	Increased GLUT4 translocation, EC50 was about 2 mg/mL	[272]
Gundelia tournefortii	Aerial parts	Methanol, hexane extract, maceration	Rat L6 muscle cell lines	0–1 mg/mL	Methanol extract was the most efficient in GLUT4 translocation enhancement in skeletal muscle	[417]
Ocimum basilicum	Aerial part	Methanol, hexane, dichloromethane extracts, reflux	L6 muscle cell line	0–2 mg/mL	The extracts increased GLUT4 translocation up to 7 times	[394]
Olea europaea	Leaf	Ethanol(80%) extract, soxhlet	Streptozocin diabetic rats	10, 20, 40 mg	The extract inhibited both digestion and absorption (concentration-dependent)	[418]
Sarcopoterium spinosum	Root	Aqueous extract, decoction	RIN β-cells, L6 myotubes, 3T3-L1 adipocytes, AML-12 hepatocytes	0.001–10 mg/mL	Preventive effect for progression in diabetes	[395]
	Root	Aqueous extract, decoction	KK-a/y mice	600 mg/kg, 6 weeks	Improved insulin sensitivity, increased glucose uptake	[396]
	Root, leaf, fruit	Aqueous extract, decoction	3 T3-L1 adipocytes cell line	Root: 1 mg/mLFruit: 2 mg/mL	Inhibited α-glucosidase and amylase, induced insulin secretion	[397]
	Root	Aqueous extract, decoction	High-fat diet mice, KK-Ay male mice	70 mg/day, 6 weeks	Improved glucose tolerance and sensitivity	[398]
Trigonella foenum-graecum	Seed	Ethanol (50%) extract, maceration	HepG2, L6myc cell line	0–2 mg/mL	Significant translocation of GLUT4	[272]
Urtica dioica	Leaf, stem	Ethanol (50%) extract, maceration	HepG2, L6myc cell line	0–2 mg/mL	Extract almost doubled GLUT4 translocation	[272]
Withania somnifera	Leaf, root	Methanol extract, maceration, isolated compound	Pancreatic RIN-5F	50 mg/mL	Extracts increased glucose uptake in myotubes and adipocytes (dose-dependent). Leaf extract increased insulin secretion, Withaferin A increased glucose uptake.	[403]