Table 1.
Baseline characteristics.
| Characteristic | Canagliflozin (n = 45) | Control (n = 57) | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 69 ± 10 | 73 ± 11 | 0.04 |
| Female sex | 15(33.3%) | 30(52.6%) | 0.05 |
| Body-mass index (kg/m2) | 31.9 ± 5.1 | 30 ± 4.4 | 0.14 |
| Dyslipidaemia | 24(53.3%) | 28(49.1%) | 0.67 |
| Hypertension | 37(82.2%) | 48(84.2%) | 0.79 |
| Atrial fibrillation or flutter | 13(28.9%) | 20(35.1%) | 0.66 |
| Coronary artery disease | 11(24.4%) | 17(29.8%) | 0.55 |
| Previous stroke | 5(8.8%) | 0(0%) | 0.04 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 11(24.4%) | 8(14%) | 0.18 |
| Previous functional class (NYHA) | |||
| I–II | 38(84.4%) | 50 (87.7%) | 0.7 |
| III–IV | 7(15.6%) | 7(12.3%) | |
| Previous hospitalization for heart Failure | 15(33.3%) | 27(47.4%) | 0.15 |
| Clinical features of heart failure | |||
| Ejection fraction (%) | 45.4 ± 17.9 | 49.9 ± 17.8 | 0.19 |
| Ejection fraction ≤ 40% | 26(57.8%) | 31(54.4%) | 0.73 |
| Ischemic cause | 17(37.8%) | 16(28.1%) | 0.32 |
| Median NT-proBNP (IQR)—pg/ml | 3763.5 (1331.4–10,414.6) | 5036.4 (2474.2–16,129.1) | 0.092 |
| LBBB | 7(15.6%) | 9(15.8%) | 0.86 |
| Killip class on admission | |||
| I–II | 35(77.8%) | 44(77.2%) | 0.94 |
| III–IV | 10(22.2%) | 13(22.8%) | |
| Serum creatinine(mg/dl) | 1.07 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 0.4 | 0.92 |
| Estimated GFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 69.7 ± 24.4 | 68.6 ± 26.3 | 0.82 |
| Serum potassium (mmol per liter) | 4.2 ± 0.5 | 4.3 ± 0.5 | 0.47 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 12.7 ± 2 | 12.3 ± 2.3 | 0.31 |
| Glycated hemoglobin | 7.4 ± 1.5 | 6.8 ± 2.5 | 0.16 |
| Device therapy | |||
| Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator | 1(2.4%) | 4(8.7%) | 0.21 |
| Cardiac resynchronization therapy | 0(0%) | 3(6.5%) | 0.1 |
| Heart failure treatment at hospital discharge | |||
| ACEi/ARB inhibitor | 38(84.3%) | 44(77.7%) | 0.35 |
| ARN inhibitor | 7(15.6%) | 8(14%) | 0.83 |
| Beta-blocker | 35(78.8%) | 45(78.9%) | 0.9 |
| MRA | 26(57.8%) | 30(52.7%) | 0.67 |
| Loop diuretic | 35(77.7%) | 46(80.7%) | 0.66 |
| Digoxin | 6(13.3%) | 14(24.6%) | 0.16 |
| Glucose-lowering medication | |||
| Biguanide | 35(77.8%) | 43(75.4%) | 0.78 |
| Sulfonylurea | 2(4.4%) | 4(7%) | 0.58 |
| DPP-4 inhibitor | 3(6.7%) | 12(21.1%) | 0.04 |
| GLP-1 receptor agonist | 1(2.2%) | 5(8.8%) | 0.16 |
| Insulin | 12(26.7%) | 22(38.6%) | 0.26 |
Numeric values are expressed as median (Interquartile range) or number (percentage %). IQR: interquartile range. ACE denotes angiotensin-converting enzyme, ARB angiotensin receptor blocker, ARN angiotensin receptor neprilysin, MRA mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, DPP-4 dipeptidyl peptidase 4, GFR glomerular filtration rate, GLP-1 glucagon-like peptide 1, LBBB left bundle branch block, MRA mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, NT-proBNP N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide, and NYHA New York Heart Association.