Table 1.
Total (N = 78) | IL-6 Normal (N = 36) | IL-6 High (N = 42) | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline characteristics | ||||
Age in years—median (SD) | 79.2 ± 6.6 | 78.5 ± 5.3 | 79.8 ± 7.5 | 0.374 a |
Sex female—n (%) | 46 (59) | 21 (58.3) | 25 (59.5) | 0.915 b |
Smoking | 4 (5.1) | 2 (5.6) | 2 (4.8) | 0.874 b |
Sedentary | 48 (61.5) | 21 (58.3) | 27 (64.3) | 0.590 b |
Underlying cardiomyopathy | ||||
Hypertensive cardiomyopathy | 32 (41.1) | 17 (47.2) | 15 (35.7) | 0.303 b |
Ischemic cardiomyopathy | 17 (21.8) | 5 (13.9) | 12(28.6) | 0.117 b |
Valvulopathy | 20 (25.6) | 10 (27.8) | 10 (23.8) | 0.689 b |
Nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy | 6 (7.7) | 3 (8.3) | 3 (7.1) | 0.844 b |
Cor pulmonale | 3 (3.8) | 1 (2.8) | 2 (4,8) | 0.65 b |
Comorbidities | ||||
Arterial hypertension | 78(100) | 36 (46) | 42 (54) | 0.521 b |
Diabetes mellitus | 42 (53.8) | 15 (41.7) | 27 (64.3) | 0.046 b |
Hypercholesterolemia | 51 (65.4) | 19 (52.8) | 32 (76.2) | 0.030 b |
Metabolic syndrome | 24 (30.8) | 8 (22.2) | 16 (38.1) | 0.130 b |
Atrial fibrillation | 56 (71.8) | 30 (83.3) | 26 (61.9) | 0.036 b |
Chronic renal failure | 31 (39.7) | 15 (41.7) | 16 (38.1) | 0.748 b |
Anemia | 31 (39.7) | 9 (25) | 22 (52.4) | 0.014 b |
Obesity (BMI >30) | 17 (21.8) | 9 (25) | 8 (19) | 0.526 b |
Functional evaluation | ||||
Pfeiffer Test | ||||
0-2 mistakes | 73 (93.6) | 33 (91.7) | 40 (95.2) | 0.465 b |
>2 mistakes | 5 (6.4) | 3 (8.3) | 2 (4.8) | |
Nutritional evaluation (MNA Test) | ||||
Normal (≥24 points) | 52 (66.7) | 25 (75.8) | 27 (67.5) | 0.438 b |
At risk of malnutrition or established malnutrition (<24 points) | 21 (26.9) | 8 (24.2) | 13 (32.5) | |
Frailty (Barber >1) | 71 (91) | 32 (88.9) | 39 (92.9) | 0.541 b |
Echocardiographic parameters | ||||
Left ventricular hypertrophy | 47 (60.3) | 21 (58.3) | 26 (61.9) | 0.648 b |
Preserved LVEF (≥50%) | 50 (64.1) | 20 (55.6) | 30 (71.4) | 0.145b |
Reduced LVEF (<50%) | 28(35.8) | 16 (44.4) | 12 (28.6) | 0.163 d |
Vital parameters | ||||
SBP (mmHg) | 136 ± 21 | 136 ± 19 | 135 ± 23 | 0.230 |
DBP (mmHg) | 68 ± 10 | 70 ± 9 | 66 ± 10 | 0.697 |
Heart rate (beats/min) | 78 ± 16 | 77 ± 17 | 78 ± 16 | 0.582 |
Blood results | ||||
Hemoglobin (g/dl) | 12.7 ± 1.9 | 13.2 ± 2.3 | 12.3 ±2.1 | <0.001 |
Ferritin (ng/mL) | 175 ± 289 | 147 ± 223 | 194 ± 322 | 0.108 c |
Creatinine (mg/dl) | 1.28 ± 0.65 | 1.08 ± 0.57 | 1.35 ± 0.69 | 0.024 |
CKD-EPI glomerular filtration rate (mL/min/m2) | 46 ± 26 | 59.95 ± 35 | 43.6 ± 19 | 0.007 |
Microalbuminuria (mg/L) | 16.9 ± 60.7 | 15.9 ± 25.8 | 17.6 ± 99 | 0.451 c |
HbA1c (%) | 6 ± 1 | 6 ± 1 | 6.3 ± 1 | 0.108 c |
NT-ProBNP (pg/mL) | 1613 ± 2297 | 1244 ± 2780 | 1990 ± 4019 | 0.061 c |
Usual treatment | ||||
Beta Blockers | 52 (66.7) | 21 (58.3) | 31 (73.8) | 0.148 b |
Furosemide | 65 (83.3) | 31 (86.1) | 34 (81) | 0.542 b |
Chlorthalidone | 6 (7.7) | 5 (13.9) | 1 (2.4) | 0.057 b |
Spironolactone/Eplerenone | 33 (42.3) | 13 (36.1) | 20 (47.6) | 0.305 b |
ACE inhibitors/Angiotensin II Antagonist | 23 (29.5) | 13 (36.1) | 10 (23.8) | 0.235 b |
Statins | 52 (66.7) | 23 (63.9) | 29 (69) | 0.63 b |
Anticoagulation | 56 (71.8) | 31 (86.1) | 25 (59.5) | 0.009 b |
Follow-up | ||||
Event (combined) | 40 (51.3) | 15 (41.7) | 25 (59.5) | 0.116 b |
HF hospitalization | 25 (32.1) | 8 (22.2) | 17 (40.5) | 0.069d |
Visit to ED for HF | 13 (16.7) | 4 (11.1) | 9 (21.4) | 0.223 b |
Visit to Day Care Hospital for HF | 11 (14.1) | 6 (16.7) | 5 (11.9) | 0.547 b |
Mortality from any cause | 8 (10.3) | 1 (2.8) | 7 (16.7) | 0.044 b |
BMI: body mass index; MNA: Mini nutritional assessment; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HbA1c: Glycosylated hemoglobin; NT-ProBNP: N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide; ACE inhibitors: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; HF: heart failure; ED: Emergency department. Data presented as mean and standard deviation (SD), median and interquartile range (QR), or number (percentage). Median and standard deviation (SD): age, SBP, DBP; median and interquartile range (QR): Ferritin, Microalbuminuria, HbA1c, ProBNP. Student’s T test was used to compare quantitative variables between independent groups (parametric variables tended to normality). Mann–Whitney U tests were used to compare quantitative variables between independent groups (parametric variables do not tend to normality). Chi-squared and Fisher test were used to compare qualitative variables. a T Student; b Chi squared; c Mann–Whitney U test, and d Fisher test.