Table 1.
The salivary biomarkers of stress, anxiety and depression and their daily variability. ↑—increased concentration/activity, ↓—decrease concentration/activity, ?—inconclusive or no results, *—scientifically proved/the most probable markers.
| Salivary Biomarker | Acute Stress | Chronic Stress | Anxiety | Depression | Daily Variability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cortisol | ↑ * [Heim et al. 2000] [38] |
↓ [Miller et al. 2007] [37] |
↓ [Hek et al. 2013] [40] |
morning levels > evening levels [Yonekura et al. 2014] [41] |
+ [Hellhammer et al. 2009] [33] [Yonekura et al. 2014] [41] |
| Immunoglobulin A (sIgA) | ↓ [Svobodova et al. 2014] [45] |
↓ [Svobodova et al. 2014] [45] [Cohen et al. 2001] [43] [Nomura et al. 2011] [44] |
↓ [Engeland et al. 2016] [46] |
↓ [Engeland et al. 2016] [46] |
- [Engeland et al. 2016] [46] |
| Lysozyme | ↓ [Perera et al. 1997] [49] |
↓* [Yang et al. 2002] [50] |
? | ? | - [Perera et al. 1997] [49] |
| Melatonin | ? | ↓ [Paul et al. 2019] [59] |
↓ [Ito et al. 2013] [58] |
↓ * [Ito et al. 2013] [58] |
+ [Voltious et al. 1997] [57] [Ito et al. 2013] [58] |
| Alpha-amylase (sAA) | ↑ * [Takai et al. 2004] [62] [Strahler et al. 2010] [64] [Koh et al. 2014] [65] |
↑ [Vineetha et al. 2014] [67] |
↑ [VanVeen et al. 2008] [68] [Jafari et al. 2018] [66] |
? | + [O’Donnell et al. 2009] [63] |
| Chromogranin A (CgA) |
↑ * [Nakane et al. 1998] [72] [Nakane et al. 2002] [73] [Kanamura et al. 2006] [74] [Obara et al. 2005] [76] [Lee et al. 2006] [79] [Miyakawa et al.2006] [80] [Takatsuji et al. 2008] [81] |
? | ? | ? | - [Kanamura et al. 2006] [74] [Takatsuji et al. 2008] [81] |
| Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 (FGF-2) | ↓ [Bland et al. 2006] [87] [Duits et al. 2015] [86] [Graham et al. 2017] [85] |
↓ [Bland et al. 2006] [87] [Duits et al. 2015] [86] [Graham et al. 2017] [85] |
↓ [Bland et al. 2006] [87] [Duits et al. 2015] [86] [Graham et al. 2017] [85] |
? | - [Graham et al. 2017] [85] |