Table 1.
Representative studies on CTE.
| CTE Construct | Cell Source | Culture Conditions | Functional Analyses | Ref. | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type | Area (mm2) |
Thickness (mm) |
Species | Cell Type | Stimulation | Perfusion | Time (d) |
CM Maturation | Tissue Maturation | |
| Scaffold | 70 | 2 | Rat | Neonatal CM | No | Yes | 10 | Protein expression | No functional analyses | [21] |
| Scaffold | 95 | 1.5 | Rat | Neonatal CM | No | Yes | 7 | Protein expression | Contractile activity | [22] |
| Scaffold | 48 | 1.5 | Rat | Neonatal CM | Electrical stimulation | No | 8 | Protein expression, sarcomere structure | Contractile activity | [23] |
| Scaffold | 95 | 1.5 | Rat | Neonatal CM | No | Yes | 14 | No functional analyses | Contractile activity | [24] |
| Scaffold | 48 | 1.5 | Rat | Neonatal CM | Electrical stimulation | No | 8 | Protein expression, sarcomere structure | Contractile activity | [25] |
| Scaffold | 20 | 2 | Rat | Neonatal CM | Electrical stimulation | Yes | 4 | Protein expression | No functional analyses | [26] |
| Scaffold | 50 | 1 | Rat | Neonatal CM | Electrical stimulation | Yes | 8 | No functional analyses | Contractile activity | [27] |
| Scaffold | 20 | 2 | Rat | Neonatal CM | Mechanical stimulation | Yes | 4 | Protein expression | No functional analyses | [28] |
| Scaffold | 80 | 5 | Rat | Neonatal CM | No | No | 7 | No functional analyses | Calcium imaging | [29] |
| Scaffold | n/a | n/a | Human | ESC-CM | Mechanical stimulation | No | 14 | Protein expression | Force of contraction | [30] |
| Scaffold | 56 | 3.5 | Human | ESC-CM | Mechanical | No | 5 | Gene/Protein expression | Calcium imaging | [31] |
| Scaffold | 80 | 1 | Rat/human | Neonatal CM/iPSC-CM | Electrical stimulation | Yes | 14 | Gene/protein expression, sarcomere structure | Force of contraction, contractile activity, whole construct electrical activity | [32] |
| Hydrogel | n/a | n/a | Rat | Neonatal CM | Mechanical stimulation | No | 14 | Protein expression, sarcomere structure, electrical signal propagation | Force of contraction | [33] |
| Hydrogel | n/a | 0.9 | Rat | Neonatal CM | Mechanical stimulation | Yes | 14 | Gene/protein expression | Force of contraction | [34] |
| Hydrogel | n/a | n/a | Rat | Neonatal CM | Electro-mechanical stimulation | No | 13 | Protein expression | Force of contraction, calcium imaging | [35] |
| Hydrogel | 60 | n/a | Human | ESC-CM/iPSC-CM+HUVEC+MSC | Mechanical stimulation | No | 4 | Gene expression, sarcomere structure | Force of contraction | [36] |
| Hydrogel | 0.4 | n/a | Human | ESC-CM | No | No | 14 | Gene/protein expression, patch clamp | Force of contraction | [37] |
| Hydrogel | n/a | 0.1 | Rat/human | Neonatal CM/ESC-CM | Electro-mechanical stimulation | No | 7 | Gene/protein expression | Contractile activity, optical mapping | [38] |
| Hydrogel | 49 | n/a | Human | ESC-CM | No | No | 14 | Gene/protein expression, sarcomere structure | Force of contraction, optical mapping | [39] |
| Hydrogel | 3 | 0.3 | Human | iPSC-CM | Electrical stimulation | No | 14 | Protein expression, sarcomere structure, patch clamp | Contractile activity, optical mapping, calcium imaging | [40] |
| Hydrogel | 15 | n/a | Rat/human | Neonatal CM/ESC-CM | Electrical stimulation | Yes | 14 | Protein expression | Force of contraction, contractile activity | [41] |
| Hydrogel | 5 | n/a | Human | ESC-CM | No | No | 24 | Gene/protein expression, sarcomere structure | Force of contraction, optical mapping | [42] |
| Hydrogel | n/a | n/a | Human | iPSC-CM | No | No | 7 | Protein expression, electrical signal propagation | No functional analyses | [43] |
| Hydrogel | 0.125 | n/a | Human | iPSC-CM | No | No | 15 | Gene/protein expression | No functional analyses | [44] |
| Hydrogel | 27 | 0.2 | Human | iPSC-CM+iPSC-EC/HUVEC | No | No | 15 | Gene/Protein expression | Optical mapping | [45] |
| Hydrogel | 4 | n/a | Human | iPSC-CM | No | No | 40 | Protein expression, sarcomere structure | Force of contraction | [46] |
| Hydrogel | 20 | 0.3 | Human | iPSC-CM | Electro-mechanical stimulation | No | 14 | Protein expression, sarcomere structure | Force of contraction, calcium imaging | [47] |
| Hydrogel | 14 | 0.2 | Rat/human | Neonatal CM/iPSC-CM | No | No | 14 | Gene/protein expression | Force of contraction, optical mapping | [48] |
| Hydrogel | 200 | n/a | Human | iPSC-CM | No | No | 60 | Protein expression, electrical signal propagation | No functional analyses | [49] |
| Hydrogel | 900 | n/a | Human | iPSC-CM | No | No | 28 | Protein expression | Force of contraction, contractile activity | [50] |
| Hydrogel | 1190 | 0.5 | Human | ESC-CM/iPSC-CM | Mechanical stimulation | No | 45 | Gene expression, sarcomere structure, patch clamp | Force of contraction | [51] |
| Hydrogel | 1296 | 0.1 | Human | iPSC-CM | No | No | 21 | Gene/protein expression, sarcomere structure | Force of contraction, optical mapping | [11] |
| Hydrogel | 100 | 0.1 | Rat/human | Neonatal CM/ESC-CM | Electrical stimulation | No | 7 | No functional analyses | Force of contraction, contractile activity | [52] |
| Hydrogel | 800 | n/a | Human | iPSC-CM+iPSC-EC+iPS-SMC | No | No | 7 | Protein expression | Force of contraction, optical mapping | [53] |
| Hydrogel | 5 | 0.3 | Human | ESC-CM/iPSC-CM+hcFB | Electrical stimulation | No | 42 | Gene/Protein expression, sarcomere structure, patch clamp | Force of contraction, contractile activity, calcium imaging | [54] |
| Hydrogel | 11 | n/a | Human | iPSC-CM | Electrical stimulation | No | 30 | Gene/protein expression, sarcomere structure, patch clamp | Force of contraction, calcium imaging | [55] |
| Hydrogel | 14 | 2 | Human/Pig/Rat | iPSC-CM+iPSC-EC/Neonatal CM+HUVEC+FB | No | No | 7 | Gene/Protein expression | Optical mapping, calcium imaging | [56] |
| Cell sheets | 116 | 0.045 | Rat | Neonatal CM | No | No | 4 | Protein expression, sarcomere structure, electrical signal propagation | Force of contraction | [57] |
| Cell sheets | 960 | 0.1 | Rat/human | Neonatal CM+EC | No | Yes | 10 | Protein expression | No functional analyses | [58] |
| Cell sheets | 70 | 0.1 | Human | iPSC-CM+MSC | No | No | 4 | Protein expression, electrical signal propagation | Contractile activity | [59] |