Table 1.

Regulatory ncRNAs associated with CRC.

Regulatory ncRNAs	Cytoband	Expression	Mode of action and references
MicroRNAs (miRNAs)
miR-34a	1p36.22	Decreased	Regulates p53 gene expression [8]
miR-610	11p14.1	Decreased	Targets hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF) [9]
miR-187	18q12.2	Decreased	Targets transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) [10]
miR-374a	Xq13.2	Decreased	Reducing cyclin D1 (CCND1) to inactivate the PI3K/Akt pathway [11]
miR-363-3p	Xq26.2	Decreased	Inhibits epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) [12]
miR-15a/16	13q14.2	Decreased	Modulates the expression of genes controlling cell cycle progression [13]
Long or large noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs)
Colorectal cancer-associated lncRNA (CCAL)	3q29	Elevated	Activates Wnt signaling [14]
Colon cancer-associated transcript-1-long isoform (CCAT1-L)	8q24.21	Elevated	Regulates chromatin interactions at v-MYC avian myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog (MYC) [15]
Colorectal neoplasia differentially expressed (CRNDE)	16q12.2	Elevated	Responds to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling [16]
HOX transcript antisense intergenic RNA (HOTAIR)	12q13.13	Elevated	Functions as a positive moderator of EMT [17]
lincRNA-p21	6p21.2	Decreased	Activated by p53 and modulates heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K (hnRNP-K) [18]
Metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1)	11q13.1	Elevated	Promotes EMT and activates Wnt signaling [19]
Maternally expressed gene 3 (MEG3)	14q32	Decreased	Serve as p53 regulators [20]
H19	11p15.5	Elevated	Acts as precursor of miR-675 to regulate retinoblastoma gene expression and participates EMT [21]