Table 1.
Regulatory ncRNAs associated with CRC.
| Regulatory ncRNAs | Cytoband | Expression | Mode of action and references |
|---|---|---|---|
| MicroRNAs (miRNAs) | |||
| miR-34a | 1p36.22 | Decreased | Regulates p53 gene expression [8] |
| miR-610 | 11p14.1 | Decreased | Targets hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF) [9] |
| miR-187 | 18q12.2 | Decreased | Targets transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) [10] |
| miR-374a | Xq13.2 | Decreased | Reducing cyclin D1 (CCND1) to inactivate the PI3K/Akt pathway [11] |
| miR-363-3p | Xq26.2 | Decreased | Inhibits epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) [12] |
| miR-15a/16 | 13q14.2 | Decreased | Modulates the expression of genes controlling cell cycle progression [13] |
| Long or large noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) | |||
| Colorectal cancer-associated lncRNA (CCAL) | 3q29 | Elevated | Activates Wnt signaling [14] |
| Colon cancer-associated transcript-1-long isoform (CCAT1-L) | 8q24.21 | Elevated | Regulates chromatin interactions at v-MYC avian myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog (MYC) [15] |
| Colorectal neoplasia differentially expressed (CRNDE) | 16q12.2 | Elevated | Responds to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling [16] |
| HOX transcript antisense intergenic RNA (HOTAIR) | 12q13.13 | Elevated | Functions as a positive moderator of EMT [17] |
| lincRNA-p21 | 6p21.2 | Decreased | Activated by p53 and modulates heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K (hnRNP-K) [18] |
| Metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1) | 11q13.1 | Elevated | Promotes EMT and activates Wnt signaling [19] |
| Maternally expressed gene 3 (MEG3) | 14q32 | Decreased | Serve as p53 regulators [20] |
| H19 | 11p15.5 | Elevated | Acts as precursor of miR-675 to regulate retinoblastoma gene expression and participates EMT [21] |