Table 5.

Markers of kidney function, organ damage and inflammation (Means and standard deviations)

	Control group	BW-WM group	BW-HA group	BW-HP group	ANOVA p
Serum creatinine (µmol/l)	17.4 ± 1.1	17.0 ± 1.3	20.8 ± 4.0	18.0 ± 2.1	0.059
Serum cystatin C (ng/ml)	2266 ± 452	2382 ± 311	2565 ± 334	2451 ± 323	0.57
Serum alanine transaminase (U/l)	93 ± 37	98 ± 52	100 ± 21	86 ± 23	0.50
Serum aspartate transaminase (U/l)	143 ± 52	192 ± 134	198 ± 53	143 ± 47	0.48
Urine creatinine (mmol/l)	4.9 ± 1.0	3.9 ± 1.4	4.4 ± 1.3	4.8 ± 0.8	0.47
Urine total protein (g/mmol creatinine)	3.5 ± 1.7	3.8 ± 1.0	3.2 ± 1.4	3.8 ± 0.7	0.81
Urine cystatin C (µg/mmol creatinine)	1464 ± 891	1515 ± 175	1111 ± 323	1289 ± 298	0.55
Urine carbamide (mmol/mmol creatinine)	342 ± 23a	278 ± 36b	200 ± 15c	254 ± 15b	8.3 × 10− 8
Urine uric acid (µmol/mmol creatinine)	401 ± 41a	360 ± 51ab	293 ± 39b	329 ± 49ab	0.0066
Urine ammonium (µmol/mmol creatinine)	40.0 ± 16.7a	32.3 ± 9.0a	20.4 ± 2.4b	18.5 ± 2.3b	0.0051
Plasma total glutathione (µmol/L)	11 ± 2a	17 ± 6b	14 ± 2ab	14 ± 2ab	0.039
Plasma oxidized glutathione (µmol/L)	6 ± 1a	9 ± 3b	7 ± 1ab	8 ± 2ab	0.049
Plasma reduced glutathione (µmol/L)	5 ± 1	8 ± 3	7 ± 2	6 ± 2	0.33

Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation for N = 5 rats in the control group, N = 6 rats in the BW-WM group, N = 6 rats in the BW-HA group and N = 6 rats in the BW-HP group. p values are shown for the comparisons of BW-WM group, BW-HA group, BW-HP group and control group using one-way ANOVA and the p values in the table show results from the one-way ANOVA comparisons. Fisher’s LSD was used as post hoc test when appropriate, and different letters (a, b, c) indicate significant differences between groups

BW-WM blue whiting whole meal, BW-HA blue whiting protein hydrolysate prepared with Alcalase^®, BW-HP blue whiting protein hydrolysate prepared with Protamex^®, WATepi epididymal white adipose tissue, ANOVA analysis of variance, LSD least significant difference

p < 0.05 was considered significant