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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis. 2021 Jan 5;1867(4):166063. doi: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.166063

Figure 4.

Figure 4.

Role of signaling pathways in SMA. Multiple signaling cascades are impacted by insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and its receptor, both are aberrantly expressed in SMA. Prolactin (PRL) and human growth hormone (GH) enhance SMN2 transcription by activating JAK/STAT pathway. Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMK) can also enhance SMN2 transcription through recruitment of cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB) to the SMN2 promoter. Details of pathways depicted here are described in the body of the main text and the accompanying references (see section 6).