| Poly(polyethyleneglycol citrate-co-N-isopropylacrlamide) (PPCN) blended with Gelatin (PPCNG) |
PPCNG scaffold with BMP-9 stimulated MSCs lineage progenitor immortalized cell lines (iMEFs or iCALs or iMADs) using adenoviral gene therapy. |
PPCN is a biocompatible and thermoresponsive polymer with a hierarchical structure of micropores and nanofibers. PPCN can form a gel at 30 °C, which is adequate for gel formation at physiological temperature. BMP-9 stimulated MSCs were distributed evenly in PPCNG. Enhanced VEGF expression in PPCNG scaffold groups. |
PPCN gel retains original volume with gelation; negligible shrinkage. Adequate biodegradation of PPCN at 4 to 5 weeks post-implantation. The addition of gelatin enhances cell adhesion and survival. The addition of gelatin in PPCN significantly improves transgene expression, reported through GLuc activity. Cell interaction with scaffold enhances with gelatin addition to PPCN. Uniformly distributed trabecular ectopic bone formation with a woven-like structure. Neovascularization is enhanced with the addition of gelatin. Injectable scaffold. |
[152, 153] [154] |
| Gelatin-derived graphene and silicate nanosheets of Laponite (GL) |
GL powder co-cultured with MSCs infected with adenoviral BMP-9. |
GL hybrid enhances the properties of gelatin. A porous 3D structure that is stable to carbonization. Laponite nanosheets are uniformly distributed in the carbon-rich matrix; mesopores in the carbon-rich bulk matrix was observed. |
Complexation with GL hybrid enhances the thermal stability of gelatin. Adequate pore size facilitates cellular distribution within the scaffold. Cells populated on inner and outer surfaces of the scaffold; the scaffold is osteoconductive. Trabecular ectopic bone structure formation with BMP-9 transduced iMEFs. The synthesis of the GL scaffold is inexpensive and easily scalable. |
[155] |
| Coralline hydroxyapatite (CHA) |
CHA loaded with AdBMP-9 transfected rat dental follicle stem cells (rDFCs). |
CHA is a biocompatible and conductive material. Highly porous CHA scaffolds with a maximum pore size of 600 μm; interconnected pore structure. Vascularization along with fibrous tissue formation was observed with rDFC/CHA scaffold group with BMP-9. New bone formation was observed around the CHA scaffold area with BMP-9 loaded scaffold groups. |
Cell attachment and proliferation enhanced with the porous structure of the scaffold; complete coverage with cells on day 7. ALP, OPN, and Osx expression levels enhanced with CHA during co-culture of rDFCs even in a normal medium; osteogenic medium results may be hypothesized to be higher. |
[156] |
