Table 2. Preclinical studies of hybrid NIR fluorescent probes for HCC.
| References, year | Imaging modalities |
Imaging systems of NIRF |
Materials | Targets | Maximum SBR of NIRF, post-injection time |
Margin detection information | Cell lines |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Park et al. (54), 2011 | NIRF/MRI | N/A | Alexa Fluor 647/Iron oxide NPs | GPC3 | N/A, N/A | NMTP | HepG2 |
| Liu et al. (55), 2015 | NIRF/MRI | N/A | Cy5/Au-Fe3O4 NPs | Folate receptor | N/A, N/A | NMTP | Bel7402 |
| Hernandez et al. (56), 2016 | NIRF/PET | IVIS Spectrum Imaging System (PerkinElmer) | ZW800-1/89Zr | CD146 | N/A, N/A | NMTP | HepG2, Huh7 |
| Chen et al. (57), 2017 | NIRF/MRI | IVIS Spectrum Imaging System (PerkinElmer) | ICG/SPIO NPs | Integrin αvβ3 receptor | 2.6±0.1ST, 72 h | NMTP | HepG2 |
| Guan et al. (58), 2017 | NIRF/PAT | IVIS Spectrum Imaging System (PerkinElmer) | ICG/AuNR | Nonspecific | N/A | NMTP | HepG2, Huh7 |
| Yan et al. (59), 2018 | NIRF/MRI | Kodak’s In Vivo Optical Imaging System | IR783/Gd3+-DTPA | CD105 | 2.7OT, 24h | NMTP | SMMC-7721 |
| Jin et al. (60), 2018 | NIRF/MRI | IVIS Spectrum Imaging System (PerkinElmer) | IRDye800 CW/Gd3+-DOTA | GRP78 | 3.08±0.20ST (HepG2), 48 h; 3.20±0.30ST (Hep3B), 48 h; 2.06±0.11ST (SMMC-7721), 12 h; 3.96±0.15ST (Bel-7402), 48 h | NMTP | HepG2, Hep3B, SMMC-7721, Bel-7402 |
| Zhang et al. (61), 2018 | NIRF/PET | N/A | MHI-148/68Ga | Nonspecific | N/A, N/A | NMTP | Hep3B-3.1 |
| Ai et al. (62), 2018 | NIRF/CT | IVIS Spectrum Imaging System (PerkinElmer) | ZnGa2O4Cr0.004 | Nonspecific | 5.22±0.88OT, 6 h | PMTP | HepG2, Huh7 |
| Shuai et al. (63), 2020 | NIRF/CT | IVIS Spectrum Imaging System (PerkinElmer) | CNCI-1 | Nonspecific | N/A, N/A | NMTP | HepG2, LM3 |
N/A, not available; ST, subcutaneous tumor; OT, orthotopic tumor; NMTP, negative margin targeting probe; PMTP, positive margin targeting probe; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; NIR, near-infrared; NIRF, near-infrared fluorescence.