Table 2. Variables and association with the composite endpoint.
| Univariable OR (95% CI) |
p-value | Multivariable adjusted OR (95% CI) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | ||||
| Age (per year)* | 0.98 [0.97–0.99] | <0.001 | 0.98 [0.98–0.99] | <0.001 |
| Sex | ||||
| Female | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Male | 0.95 [0.84–1.09] | 0.516 | 0.92 [0.79–1.06] | 0.248 |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| White | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| BAME | 1.19 [1.05–1.35] | 0.008 | 0.98 [0.85–1.12] | 0.747 |
| Prefer not to say | 0.96 [0.42–2.16] | 1.000 | 0.91 [0.36–2.06] | 0.825 |
| Household—persons | ||||
| Lives alone | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Lives with 1 or more persons; no children | 0.91 [0.75–1.10] | 0.344 | 0.87 [0.72–1.06] | 0.179 |
| Lives with 1 or more persons; has children | 0.98 [0.81–1.17] | 0.825 | 1.00 [0.83–1.21] | 0.962 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Hypertension | 1.00 [0.83–1.22] | 1.000 | 1.13 [0.91–1.40] | 0.258 |
| Diabetes | 1.05 [0.76–1.44] | 0.831 | 1.00 [0.71–1.39] | 0.986 |
| Cancer* | 1.35 [0.85–2.16] | 0.249 | 1.66 [1.01–2.67] | 0.041 |
| Heart disease | 1.04 [0.64–1.71] | 0.962 | 1.18 [0.69–1.96] | 0.535 |
| Immunosuppression | 0.79 [0.51–1.22] | 0.340 | 0.83 [0.52–1.29] | 0.421 |
| Respiratory disease* | 1.32 [1.10–1.58] | 0.003 | 1.26 [1.04–1.52] | 0.015 |
| Renal disease | 0.96 [0.46–2.01] | 1.000 | 1.08 [0.49–2.24] | 0.833 |
| Liver disease | 1.20 [0.56–2.58] | 0.781 | 1.18 [0.51–2.53] | 0.686 |
| Neurological disease | 0.94 [0.54–1.63] | 0.937 | 0.88 [0.49–1.52] | 0.662 |
| Obesity* | 1.28 [1.08–1.52] | 0.004 | 1.31 [1.10–1.56] | 0.003 |
| Prefer not to say | 0.88 [0.56–1.38] | 0.657 | 0.94 [0.58–1.48] | 0.779 |
| Smoking status | ||||
| Never smoked | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Current or Ex-smoker within 1 year* | 0.82 [0.67–1.01] | 0.062 | 0.79 [0.64–0.98] | 0.035 |
| Ex-smoker (more than 1 year) | 0.99 [0.86–1.14] | 0.951 | 1.09 [0.94–1.27] | 0.238 |
| Prefer not to say | 1.11 [0.68–1.82] | 0.762 | 1.14 [0.68–1.87] | 0.606 |
| Country | ||||
| England | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Northern Ireland* | 0.42 [0.24–0.72] | 0.002 | 0.44 [0.24–0.75] | 0.004 |
| Scotland | 0.90 [0.70–1.16] | 0.464 | 0.95 [0.73–1.23] | 0.702 |
| Wales | 0.86 [0.63–1.17] | 0.379 | 1.17 [0.84–1.62] | 0.344 |
| Main healthcare facility | ||||
| Hospital | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Community healthcare facility | 0.94 [0.81–1.08] | 0.410 | 0.99 [0.84–1.17] | 0.940 |
| Social care facility | 0.95 [0.67–1.33] | 0.819 | 1.17 [0.81–1.68] | 0.399 |
| Other | 0.58 [0.45–0.74] | <0.001 | 0.82 [0.61–1.08] | 0.168 |
| Role group | ||||
| Nurses, midwives and associated staff | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Allied health professionals* | 0.77 [0.66–0.91] | 0.002 | 0.81 [0.69–0.96] | 0.015 |
| Dentists and dental staff* | 0.40 [0.27–0.59] | <0.001 | 0.52 [0.33–0.82] | 0.006 |
| Doctors* | 1.16 [1.02–1.33] | 0.025 | 1.2 [1.04–1.39] | 0.015 |
| Other | 0.84 [0.68–1.03] | 0.102 | 0.99 [0.78–1.24] | 0.915 |
| Used public transport to travel to work* | 1.43 [1.26–1.63] | <0.001 | 1.38 [1.20–1.59] | <0.001 |
| Regular clinical contact with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 patients* | 1.52 [1.35–1.71] | <0.001 | 1.33 [1.15–1.54] | <0.001 |
| Regular exposure to AGP(s) performed in suspected or confirmed COVID-19 patients* | 0.97 [0.86–1.08] | 0.582 | 0.81 [0.71–0.93] | 0.004 |
| Sufficient training in PPE use* | 0.79 [0.70–0.89] | <0.001 | 0.85 [0.75–0.98] | 0.023 |
| Lacked access to PPE items for clinical contact with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 patients* | 1.74 [1.53–1.97] | <0.001 | 1.28 [1.09–1.51] | 0.002 |
| Clinical contact without adequate PPE | ||||
| Never | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Rarely | 1.35 [1.13–1.62] | 0.001 | 1.06 [0.87–1.29] | 0.547 |
| Sometimes* | 2.32 [1.92–2.79] | <0.001 | 1.7 [1.37–2.10] | <0.001 |
| Often* | 2.56 [1.83–3.58] | <0.001 | 1.84 [1.28–2.63] | 0.001 |
| Always* | 3.65 [2.18–6.10] | <0.001 | 2.93 [1.72–5.06] | <0.001 |
| Reused disposable PPE | 1.21 [1.07–1.37] | 0.002 | 0.98 [0.86–1.13] | 0.821 |
| Used improvised PPE* | 1.10 [0.94–1.28] | 0.271 | 0.81 [0.68–0.97] | 0.020 |
Notes:
Univariate and multivariate odds ratio (OR), 95% confidence intervals (95% CI).
Akaike information criterion (AIC) for above model = 7,233.562; AIC for null model = 7,449.750. Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristics (AUROC) for above model = 0.63; AUROC for null model = 0.50.
*
p-value < 0.05 for multivariable model.
Ref, Reference value; BAME, Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic; AGP, Aerosol-Generating Procedures; PPE, Personal Protective Equipment.