Table 4. Isolate identification, presence of natural product gene fragments (polyketide synthase types PKS I, PKS II and non-ribosomal peptide synthetase NRPS), and bioactivity of crude extracts in antimicrobial and antitumor assays.
Nudibranch | Strain | Closest 16SrRNA gene match | Accession no. | Identity (%) |
PCR screening | Bioactivity* | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PKS I | PKS II | NRPS | Anti- bacterial |
Anti- tumor |
|||||
Joruna funebris | 1AS | Nocardiopsis sp. AE46 | JF319150 | 99.91 | + | – | + | ++ | +++ |
2AS | Nocardiopsis dassonvillei subsp. albirubida VTT E-062983 | EU430536 | 100.0 | + | + | + | +++ | ++ | |
8AS | Bacillus safensis strain HA 527 | KJ535336 | 99.8 | – | + | + | + | – | |
18AS | Bacillus sp. strain HBS1 | MK966451 | 99.9 | – | + | + | ++ | ++ | |
24AS | Bacillus flexus strain CPS1.1 | MT299668 | 99.85 | – | + | – | + | + | |
25AS | Staphylococcus lentus strain HS1-MRL | KX128918 | 100.0 | + | + | – | + | + | |
16A | Bacillus aerius strain FL101 | KY819007 | 99.4 | + | – | + | |||
Ceratosoma trilobatum | 2BY | Streptomyces xylophagus strain TY190-20 | MT083969 | 100.0 | – | + | + | + | – |
4BY | Bacillus sp. S21722 | KF956683 | 99.8 | – | + | + | – | – | |
6By | Bacillus safensis strain P9 | MK210556 | 99.42 | + | + | + | – | – | |
11By | Bacillus paramycoides strain MMB | MT122838 | 99.88 | – | + | + | + | – | |
12BY | Bacillus sp. 6063 | JX566648 | 99.9 | + | + | + | ++ | – | |
13BY | Nocardiopsis dassonvillei subsp. albirubida strain OAct926 | MG661750 | 98.8 | + | + | + | +++ | +++ | |
15BY | Bacillus sp. S4713 | JQ819877 | 99.9 | – | + | + | ++ | + | |
16BY | Kocuria sp. strain YKFH1121 | MH298696 | 99.8 | + | + | + | + | – | |
23M1 | Nocardiopsis dassonvillei strain XY236 | MH432693 | 100 | + | + | + | ++ | +++ | |
Chromodoris quadricolor | 6 | Bacillus safensis strain SH10 | MT256302 | 99.9 | – | + | + | ++ | – |
9 | Bacillus sp. strain C2-8 | MT255139 | 100 | + | + | + | + | – | |
12 | Bacillus altitudinis strain EB39 | MT256105 | 100 | + | – | + | + | +++ | |
14 | Oceanobacillus iheyensis strain S6 | MN056009 | 99.7 | + | – | + | + | – | |
16 | Bacillus australimaris strain 96J27 | MT192471 | 100 | + | – | + | ++ | – | |
17 | Bacillus safensis strain NS3 | KP279980 | 99.64 | – | + | + | +++ | ++ | |
20 | Staphylococcus lentus strain Hanna37 | MN399938 | 99.64 | + | – | + | + | – | |
22 | Pseudomonas stutzeri strain OsEnb_ALM_B7 | MN889324 | 10 | + | + | + | + | – | |
24 | Planococcus ruber strain CD8 | MK216760 | 99.83 | + | + | + | ++ | – | |
31 | Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain VBS03 | MG660863 | 99.85 | – | + | + | – | + | |
34 | Streptomyces sp. E5N406 | CP029624 | 99.7 | + | + | + | ++ | +++ | |
38 | Staphylococcus lentus strain PL445 | MK015783 | 99.93 | + | – | – | + | – | |
41 | Enterococcus sp. M190262 | CP040461 | 99.93 | + | + | + | – | – | |
43 | Rhodococcus erythropolis strain I-A-R-27 | KT922050 | 99.3 | + | + | + | + | – | |
47 | Bacillus sp. strain 22DM7 | MK134623 | 99.8 | + | + | + | – | – | |
48 | Oceanobacillus kimchii MXR1709B02 | MN176502 | 99.8 | + | + | – | – | – | |
49 | Bacillus sp. strain 1RM6 - 0 | MK134620 | 99.8 | + | – | + | – | – | |
53 | Firmicutes bacterium 00YDJ | EU180852 | 99.8 | + | – | + | +++ | – | |
57 | Bacillus velezensis strain 9D-6 | CP020805 | 99.4 | + | + | + | +++ | ++ | |
59 | Streptomyces qinglanensis strain A5 | MF682454 | 99.6 | + | + | + | +++ | – | |
63 | Streptomyces sp. SCSIO 001680 | JQ031555 | 100 | + | + | + | +++ | + | |
66 | Streptomyces sp. B24AT | KU382279 | 100.0 | + | + | + | + | – | |
80 | Bacillus pumilus strain B6 | KJ870186 | 99.45 | + | + | + | + | – | |
2R | Nocardiopsis sp. I-Gauze-W-10-6 | FJ267558 | 99.85 | + | + | + | |||
4R | Streptomyces sp. Ahbb4 | KM214828 | 99.6 | + | + | + | |||
7R | Bacterium strain BH8S5 | MT254881 | 99.93 | – | + | + | |||
8R | Actinomycetales bacterium XJSS-18 | EU598254 | 100.0 | + | + | + | |||
2N | Bacillus flexus strain S72 | MN005931 | 100.0 | – | + | + | |||
10N | Staphylococcus lentus strain HM17 | MN401134 | 99.7 | – | + | + | |||
1AIA | Oceanobacillus iheyensis strain CN6-12 | MH762168 | 99.6 | + | + | + | |||
4AIA | Staphylococcus sp. strain BH1-3 | MN410649 | 100 | + | + | + | |||
3ISP2 | Bacillus siamensis strain ICMP 20282 | MF682396 | 99.7 | + | + | + | |||
6M1 | Bacillus safensis strain SPa22LB | MT052639 | 100.0 | + | + | + | |||
10M1 | Bacillus sp. strain 9RM71 | MK134622 | 99.7 | + | + | + | |||
14M1 | Oceanobacillus iheyensis HTE831 | NR075027 | 99.8 | + | + | + | |||
15M1 | Bacillus sp. HNA3 | CP040881 | 100 | + | + | + | |||
16M1 | Streptomyces sp. E2N173 | KX279582 | 99.6 | + | + | + | |||
17M1 | Bacillus altitudinis strain IHB B1644 | MT328683 | 100.0 | + | – | + | |||
18M1 | Streptomyces sp. strain MJM15241 | MN636769 | 100.0 | + | + | + | |||
1S.C | Staphylococcus sp. SC1 | KC951997 | 99.7 | + | + | + | |||
3S.C | Nocardiopsis dassonvillei strain NRK12 | MH598413 | 99.8 | – | + | + | |||
7 S.C | Staphylococcus lentus strain PL444 | MK015780 | 100.0 | + | + | – | |||
Goniobranchus annulatus | 15(2) | Bacillus sp. strain ZX1 | MT305953 | 100.0 | – | + | + | ||
23(2) | Kocuria sp. strain C12-38 | MT255185 | 100.0 | + | + | + | |||
25(2) | Bacillus zhangzhouensis strain 1.4517 | MT316475 | 100.0 | + | + | + | |||
31(2) | Halobacillus hunanensis strain JSM 071077 | LT714153 | 100.0 | – | + | + | |||
32(2) | Bacillus safensis strain T13 | MT313116 | 100.0 | + | – | + | |||
34(2) | Kocuria carniphila strain NF28 | MT262515 | 99.9 | + | + | + | |||
36(2) | Kocuria carniphila strain YM | JX485387 | 100.0 | + | + | + | |||
47(2) | Bacillus sp. strain YB-3 | MF661927 | 100.0 | – | + | + | |||
59(2) | Nocardiopsis sp. 06-St-023 | GU574127 | 99.9 | + | + | + | |||
78(2) | Bacillus subtilis strain RI4914 | CP051306 | 100.0 | – | + | + |
Note:
For antimicrobial activity, zone of inhibition: + <10 mm; ++ ≤15 mm; and +++ ≤ 20. For antitumor activity, IC50: measured with µg/mL, + > 700; ++ < 700 µg/mL; +++ < 400 µg/mL. − = no activity.