(A–C) ES on muscle weight: (A) soleus muscle weight, (B) plantaris muscle weight, and (C) EDL muscle weight. (D–G) Effect of ES on the expression of muscle markers by measurement of changes in mRNA levels of EDL muscle genes by real-time PCR: (D) MAFbx, (E) MurF1, (F) sFRP1, and (G) sFRP2. Data are expressed as mean ± SE. N=10–13 per group. *p<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001 by one-way ANOVA.