TABLE 3.
Natural compounds with effects on depression associated with diabetes.
| Natural compounds | Plant source | Action | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ascorbic acid | Citrus sinensis, Actinidia chinensis Planch. | 1) Ameliorates oxidative stress and inflammatory response by reducing catalase levels, increasing SOD content and CAT activity and IL-10 levels in the prefrontal cortex of diabetic rats. | Shivavedi et al. (2019) |
| Astaxanthin | Haematococcus pluvialis, Oncorhynchus tschawytscha | 1) Downregulates the expression of IL-6, IL-1β, and COX-2 in the hippocampus. | Zhou et al. (2017) |
| β-Caryophyllene | Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. and L.M. Perry, Piper nigrum L., Salvia rosmarinus Spenn. | 1) Inhibits of inflammation/cytokines such as IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 | Aguilar-Avila et al. (2019) |
| Cannabidiol | Cannabis sativa L. | 1) Activates the serotonergic system through 5-HT1A receptors | de Morais et al. (2018); Jesus et al. (2019) |
| Curcumin | Curcuma longa L. | 1) Improves insulin sensitivity, upregulates the phosphorylation of IRS-1 and AKT, and inhibits GSK-3β, PEPCK and glucose 6-phosphatase. | Shen et al. (2017) |
| Ellagic acid | Fragaia ananassa (Duchesne ex Weston) | 1) Modulates inflammation status and BDNF expression. | Farbood et al. (2019) |
| Gastrodin | Gastrodia elata Bl. | 1) Inhibits ER stress and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in db/db mice. | Ye et al. (2018) |
| Geniposide | Gardenia jasminoides J.Ellis | 1) Enhances BDNF expression in the hippocampus of streptozotocin-evoked diabetic mice | Wang et al. (2016) |
| Ginsenoside compound K | Panax ginseng C. A. Mey. | 1) Inhibits ER stress and the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway | Li et al. (2020) |
| Protocatechuic acid | Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge | 1) Suppresses oxidative damage, inflammation, and the activities of caspase-3 and acetylcholinesterase in diabetic rats. | Adedara et al. (2019) |
| Quercetin | Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Siebold, Rosa canina L., Allium cepa L. et al. | 1) Upregulates GLUT4 expression. | Anjaneyulu et al. (2003) |
| Resveratrol | Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. and Zucc., Paeonia lactiflora Pall., Vatica rassak (Korth.) Blume | 1) Inhibits oxidative stress. | Jing et al. (2013); Sahin et al. (2019) |
| 2) Reduces astrocytic activation as well as TNF-α and IL-6 transcripts in the hippocampus of diabetic rats. | |||
| Umbelliferone | Daucus carota L., Coronilla varia L., Ruta graveolens L. | 1) Attenuates CUMS-induced-insulin resistance in rats | Su et al. (2016) |
| Zeaxanthin | Spinacia oleracea L., Brassica oleracea L. | 1) Reduces the excessive production of IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α | Zhou et al. (2018) |